Dmitriy Kireyev

Basics of Ultrasound Physics

Ultrasound – Refers to sound waves with frequencies higher than 20 kHz, which is higher than the frequencies perceptible to the human ear.

Cardiac Imaging in Clinical Practice

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Basics of Agitated Saline Contrast (“Bubble”) and LV Opacification Contrast Studies

When waves travel between two media, they may be transmitted, reflected and scattered. The reflection depends on the angle of incidence and difference in acoustic impedances between the media. Acoustic impedance (Z) is proportional to the density of the media and speed of sound in the particular media.

Views and Structures

Standard imaging views used in transthoracic echocardiography are obtained from parasternal, apical, subcostal and suprasternal windows. Figure 2.1 shows the imaging planes of these views as they relate to the cardiac structures.

Echocardiography in Systemic Diseases

Parasternal long (left) and apical four chamber (right) views of a patient with Amyloidosis. Please notice thickened walls of both ventricles, speckled appearance of myocardium (better seen in the interventricular septum), biatrial enlargement and mild valve thickening

Ischemic Heart Disease

Echocardiography is one of the most common imaging modalities used in evaluation of ischemic heart disease. It is used to diagnose coronary artery disease, assess consequences of coronary artery disease and give survival prognosis.