Dominic Rathbone

Economic rationalism and rural society in third-century A.D. Egypt : the Heroninos archive and the Appianus estate

List of figures and map List of tables Preface List of abbreviations and notes for the reader 1. The archive and the estate 2. Owners and managers 3. Permanent labour 4. Occasional labour 5. Lessees and other contractors 6. Production on the phrontides 7. Transport, marketing and monetisation 8. The accounts 9. Conclusions Appendix I. Papyrological matters Appendix II. Measures and prices of wheat and of wine Indexes.

Rome and Italy

Augustus had started the process of making Rome, as a matter of policy, a worthy capital of the world. Travelling to Rome, city of wonders in a land of wonders, was a special experience. In the world of thinking, speaking and writing, Rome was the centre too, the norm and exemplar of Antonine cities. The architecture of Rome was the greatest of its wonders. The cities of Italy in the Augustan period had functioned as channels of horizontal and vertical social mobility. In the Antonine period, moreover, there was more to economic life than landowning. The nature of production in Italy in this period constitutes one of the most problematic sets of questions in ancient economic history. In the Flavian and Trajanic period, the evidence suggests a burgeoning of the cash-crop based, villa-centred, agrarian economy which had characterized the rural landscape of large parts of Italy since the middle Republic.

The Background to the Grain Law of Gaius Gracchus

One of the measures carried by Gaius Gracchus in the course of his first tribunate in 123–2 B.C. provided for the regular sale of grain to citizens of Rome at the price of 6⅓ asses per modius. Gracchus also, presumably by the same law, provided for the construction of state granaries. The sources for the law are meagre. None of them is contemporary, and those later writers who do comment on the law furnish few details. What is known of its content is conveyed in a brief sentence from Livys Epitomator supported by a scholiast on Ciceros pro Sestio , and in a few words of Appian. The Epitomator and Scholiast give the price at which the grain was sold.

Emperor, Senate and magistrates

The relationship between emperor and Senate was always the result of the tension between what the majority of senators thought the emperor should be, and what he really was, or could become: princeps or dominus. Vespasian, for instance, had been a senator for more than thirty years. In Britain the reason for the appointment of a iuridicus was probably the predominantly military duties of the consular legates, at least under Vespasian and Domitian. Only in Italy were things changed to any significant degree, first by Hadrian and later by Marcus Aurelius. Despite the establishment of the eleven regiones by Augustus, Italy had no real territorial subdivisions. Hence it also had no officials who could take on the duties of regional governors, and as a result all the inhabitants of the cities of Italy had recourse only to the magistrates of Rome when they sought judgement on matters outside the competence of the municipal magistrates.

Art and architecture

There are six programs within the College of Art and Architecture: Architecture, Bioregional Planning and Community Design, Interior Architecture and Design, Art and Design, Landscape Architecture, and Virtual Technology and Design. Each program represents unique disciplines that are integrated throughout their curriculum, research and service mission. All undergraduate students majoring in any of the programs in art and architecture (architecture, interior architecture and design, art and design landscape architecture and virtual technology and design) are required to take the three classes that comprise the College Foundation Program.

Syria and Arabia

This chapter discusses the four main aspects of the history of Roman provinces: the process of provincialization; the organization of the indigenous societies; the spread of the civic model and the urbanization of the region; and the success of the artisan class. In the south, on the boundary between the provinces of Syria and Arabia, the Hauran was no less rich, though less completely explored. On a general level, the cities of Syria and Arabia, like those of Asia Minor, were eager for the adornment which characterized the Antonine era. Syria and Arabia held an advantageous position in commerce between the empire and the countries to the East, which classical authors occasionally call simply Indica, although this covers central Asia, China and the Arabian peninsula as much as the Indian subcontinent. Syria, which had ended up by incorporating all the client states west of the Euphrates, was counted among the richest provinces of the eastern Mediterranean.