Don Chen

Effects of Recycled Materials on Long-Term Performance of Cold In-Place Recycled Asphalt Roads

Within three to five years following construction of asphalt pavements, reflected cracks may be observed, one of the primary forms of distress in hot-mix asphalt overlays of flexible pavements. Reflected cracks affect ride quality when rolled down and allow water to penetrate into the pavement and the base, causing the asphalt mix to deteriorate and the base to soften. Consequently, the service life of pavements is reduced. Cold in-place recycling (CIR) provides an economical rehabilitation method that mitigates crack reflection by pulverizing the asphalt pavement surface, thus destroying the old crack pattern in the recycled layer. While the performance of recycled roads is generally good, there is some inconsistency. Several years after recycling, some roads are in excellent condition, while more cracking and rutting is observed on other roads. These differing behaviors can be observed on roads constructed in the same county by the same contractor in the same construction season. Thus, the difference in performance is probably not from such factors as weather, equipment, contractor experience, and construction procedures. Rather, other factors more prominently affect pavement performance, such as recycled pavement age, traffic volume, support conditions, and aged engineering properties of the CIR materials. This paper discusses a partially completed investigation to identify how aged engineering properties of the CIR materials and other factors affect pavement performance. A selection matrix consisting of 18 sample roads was developed based on previous study. These 18 sample roads represent various ages (young/medium/old), traffic volumes (high/medium/low), and support conditions (strong/weak) in a geographically balanced sampling in Iowa. Pavement condition index (PCI) ratings were collected using an automated pavement distress digital image collection and analysis system. Engineering properties of CIR materials (density, compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus, and asphalt and aggregate content) will be examined through field and lab tests. Statistical analysis will be conducted to describe the relationships between pavement performance and the prominent factors. It is expected that the conclusions and recommendations from this study can be used to improve the performance of future CIR projects in Iowa and other states.

Long-Term Field Performance of Cold In-Place Recycled Roads in Iowa

Cold in-place recycling (CIR) is one of the most effective methods to rehabilitate asphalt pavements. In fact, most CIR roads have performed well at low cost in Iowa since the first CIR road was constructed in 1986. However, some CIR roads have reached failures earlier than their expected design lives because there is no design standard for designing CIR roads with a limited amount of past performance information. Some of the most prominent problems seemed to have come from selecting CIR in areas where there are poor subgrades. Therefore, it is critical to collect CIR performance data along with Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) data in order to develop performance models. The main purpose of this paper is to document that effort. The performance models were developed on the basis of historical data collected from CIR roads in Iowa. First, an inventory of CIR roads was created which includes construction information, subgrade and base characteristics, and traffic levels. In consideration of pavement age, level of traffic and subgrade condition, twenty-six test sections were selected from the inventory of CIR roads and pavement surface distress surveys were conducted on these roads using an automated image collection system (AICS). Distress data were then compiled to compute Pavement Condition Index (PCI) for each test section. FWD data were collected from each test section to determine its relative soil support condition. Finally, to determine their long-term performance, the PCI values were plotted against pavement age for each group of pavements categorized by their soil support conditions and traffic levels. Overall, it can be concluded that the CIR roads in Iowa, all under traffic level of AADT of 2,000, have performed very well and predicted to last up to 25 years before reaching the poor condition (PCI = 40) when the pavements are to be rehabilitated. The CIR roads with a good subgrade support, however, are predicted to last up to 35 years.

A Multi-objective Generic Algorithm Approach for Optimization of Building Energy Performance

This paper presents the results of a pilot study conducted to optimize building energy performance using a Multi-objective Generic Algorithm (MOGA), an evolutionary adoptive approach. In this study, a Building Information Modeling (BIM) model was built to provide design data, such as building form and space layout, and site and building orientation to IES , a building energy simulation software. Energy performance of design options was evaluated. The optimal settings of the design parameters were then obtained using a MOGA approach. This study indicates that the MOGA approach (1) enables continuous investigation of design parameters over their entire spectrum, (2) accounts for that fact that design parameters dynamically, not statically, impact energy performance, and (3) optimizes multiple design criteria simultaneous. This study concluded that MOGA is an appropriate approach that can better ensure a global optimal solution for design of energy efficient buildings.

Sigmoidal Models for Predicting Pavement Performance Conditions

AbstractThis study presents an approach to develop sigmoidal family pavement performance models (pavement performance ratings versus pavement age) for a pavement management system (PMS). Pavement condition data collected from windshield surveys oftentimes suffer quality issues stemming from human subjectivity, and pavement age sometimes not being properly reset after a treatment. These issues can be systematically addressed by the proposed approach, and nonlinear sigmoidal family performance models can then be developed using the cleaned condition data. In a case study, this approach was successfully applied to a sample data set extracted from the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) PMS. Contour plots developed for the raw data and the cleaned data showed that the data cleansing process was effective. Goodness-of-Fit indicators and cross-validation suggest that the resulting nonlinear sigmoidal models fit the condition data well.

Development of Piecewise Linear Performance Models for Flexible Pavements Using PMS Data

AbstractThis study presents a method to develop piecewise linear (PL) performance models for pavement condition data in a pavement management system (PMS). These condition data are usually ordinal and have more than two severity levels. Ordinal logistic regression is conducted to derive probabilities of each individual severity level. The intersections of probability curves are identified as the breakpoints, which can be used to develop PL models. This proposed method was then applied successfully to develop four PL models, for interstates, U.S. routes, North Carolina routes, and secondary routes, using transverse cracking condition data of flexible pavements in a state DOT’s PMS. Results showed that the PL models reflected actual deterioration trends well and that the proposed method is robust.