Donald A. Nordlund

Terminology of chemical releasing stimuli in intraspecific and interspecific interactions

The terminology of chemical releasing stimuli is examined in an attempt to reduce some apparent confusion. Two new classes of interspecific chemical signals, synomone and apneumone, are proposed.

Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects

In laboratory experiments conducted to compare the kairomonal activity forMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson) of frass fromHeliothis zea (Boddie) larvae fed on different host plants,M. croceipes females responded to extracts of frass from larvae reared on cotton or soybeans but not on corn. The lack of response to frass from larvae reared on corn was shown to be a result of a lack of some appropriate chemical(s) in the corn.

Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects : XIII. Kairomonal activity forTrichogramma spp. of abdominal tips, excretion, and a synthetic sex pheromone blend ofHeliothis zea (Boddie) moths.

Volatile chemicals emanating from an excretion (apparently meconium) and abdominal tips of femaleHeliothis zea (Boddie) moths mediated increased rates of parasitization ofH. zea eggs byTrichogramma pretiosum Riley. A blend of synthetic chemicals, consisting of hexadecanal, (Z)-7-hexadecenal, (Z)-9-hexadecenal, and (Z)-11-hexadecenal, which has been identified as the sex pheromone of and from the abdominal tip of femaleH. zea moths, also increased rates of parasitization ofH. zea eggs byT. pretiosum in greenhouse experiments. In addition, parasitization ofH. zea eggs by wildTrichogramma spp., in field plots of cotton,Gossypium hirsutum L., treated with a similar blend of chemicals, in Conrel fibers, was more than double that in untreated plots.

Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects: I. Evaluation for increasing rates of parasitization byTrichogramma spp. in the field

Kairomones forTrichogramma spp. were evaluated in the field on soybeans and crimson clover. Blanket (complete coverage) spraying of plots (either a synthetic tricosane or an eluate from a hexane extract of moth scales, depending on the responsiveness of theTrichogramma spp. present) resulted in increased parasitization by released and wildTrichogramma populations. The increased parasitization resulted for both natural and artificially applied eggs.

Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects: II. Mechanisms causing increase in rate of parasitization byTrichogramma spp.

AbstractWhen the effect of the kairomone, tricosane, on parasitization byTrichogramma achaeae Nagaraja and Nagarkatti of eggs ofHeliothis zea (Boddie) was studied in petri dish tests, the greatest percentage parasitization (n

The role of kairomones and other behavioral chemicals in host finding by parasitic insects

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Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects. IX. Investigations of various kairomone-treatment patterns for Trichogramma spp.

n = 64%) was obtained if the entire filter paper was treated. Treatment of smaller areas (about the eggs) resulted in decreased parasitism. In the greenhouse, highest parasitization (n