Donna Harris

INTERFERENCE COMPETITION BETWEEN INTRODUCED BLACK RATS AND ENDEMIC GALÁPAGOS RICE RATS

Replicated field experiments were used to quantify and to describe the mechanism of competition between the introduced black rat Rattus rattus and the endemic Santiago rice rat Nesoryzomys swarthi on Santiago Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. The removal of R. rattus significantly slowed the rate of seasonal population decline in N. swarthi. This effect was particularly evident for female, relative to male, N. swarthi and appeared to be driven solely by enhanced immigration; no other fitness or space use parameters were affected. The candidate hypotheses to explain the mechanism of competition were exploitation competition, interference by resource defense, and interference by aggressive encounter. To distinguish between hypotheses, we conducted a replicated resource supplementation experiment with patchy food, scattered food, and no food (control) treatments. The opportunistic R. rattus responded to the extra resources with increased adult immigration and juvenile recruitment, resulting in a significant abundance boost of sevenfold on patchy grids and fourfold on scattered grids. Females increased in body mass, and the breeding season was lengthened. In contrast, there was no change in the abundance of N. swarthi and no obvious benefit to reproduction. Instead, the costs of interference apparently outweighed the benefits of extra food: female N. swarthi increased in mass with supplementary food, but female (relative to male) immigration and residency were repressed on all supplemented areas. This response supported the hypothesis of interference by aggressive encounter, and we were able to rule out the alternative hypotheses. Although periodic population crashes of R. rattus on the arid north coast of Santiago may ameliorate its competitive impact, climate change may tip the balance. Control or eradication of R. rattus should improve future survival prospects for N. swarthi, but wildlife managers must be prepared for the potential eruption of the introduced house mouse Mus musculus, because this species experienced a release from interference competition and immigrated to removal areas.

POPULATION ECOLOGY OF THE ENDEMIC RODENT NESORYZOMYS SWARTHI IN THE TROPICAL DESERT OF THE GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS

Abstract Ancestrally continental forest species of the tribe Oryzomyini, the endemic cricetid rodents of the Galápagos, have had to adapt to the harsh tropical desert of the Islands. Following the recent rediscovery of the Santiago nesoryzomys (Nesoryzomys swarthi) endemic to Isla Santiago, Galápagos, we conducted the 1st autecological study of this species. Our 3-year study revealed mean annual survival of 23.2% and maximum survival of 812 days. Reproductive activity was restricted to the wet season with a stable annual proportion of breeding females and a consistent peak in pregnancy in April. The likelihood of postpartum breeding increased with rainfall when 2 litters were produced. The growth and development of juveniles was slow and they did not reproduce in their natal year. Positive correlations between rainfall and mean adult body weight and between vegetation density (particularly prickly pear cactus [Opuntia galapageia]) and population levels supported a hypothesis of food limitation. Comparisons with the Galápagos oryzomys (Oryzomys bauri), endemic to Isla Santa Fe, and a review of continental members of the tribe Oryzomyini suggest that the ephemeral, unpredictable environment of the Galápagos arid zone has selected for a strategy of relatively high survival and low reproduction in N. swarthi and O. bauri that is more typically found among the desert Heteromyidae than other members of the Oryzomyini. We also present data on sex ratio, home range, and philopatry that together indicate a promiscuous or polygynous mating system. Our findings may help to guide future conservation strategies for this endangered rodent species.

Bait stations for detection and control of alien rats in Galapagos.

Abstract Alien rats have impacted native systems worldwide, yet wildlife managers lack techniques to efficiently monitor for rodent invasions where native rodents are present and to control alien rodents sympatric with native rodents. We tested the ability of vertical bait stations to exclude native rodents in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) appeared able to enter all station sizes, whereas black rats (R. rattus) were excluded from larger stations. The endemic rodents Oryzomys bauri and Nesoryzomys narboroughi were unable to enter bait stations of any size, but N. swarthi entered the smallest station. Differences in climbing technique contributed to the advantage of alien rodents over endemic species. Our technique provides wildlife managers in the Galapagos, and potentially other islands with native rodents, a means for early detection and control of alien rats.