Dorothea Wehrmann

Non-State Actors in Arctic Council Governance

Assessments of the influence of non-governmental organisations on the work of the Arctic Council (AC) have remained very much a blind spot in research on contemporary Arctic politics. To address this gap, this chapter compares the roles and impact of the World Wide Fund for Nature and the Circumpolar Conservation Union in the work of two of the AC’s subsidiary bodies: the Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response Working Group and the related Task Force on Arctic Marine Oil Pollution Prevention. The study finds that non-state actors have been able to influence problem formulation, agenda-setting and policy formulation processes in these bodies, but that their impact may vary according to their internal structure, their different standing in the negotiations and their general willingness and capacity to participate.

The Polar Regions as “barometers” in the Anthropocene: towards a new significance of non-state actors in international cooperation?

Abstract Rapidly melting sea ice and thereto related access to formerly ice-covered petroleum reserves and future shipping lanes place the Polar Regions (particularly the Arctic) at the nexus of discourses on geopolitics and on the Anthropocene. Against this background, various studies across distinct fields in the social sciences have focused on polar politics mostly from a state-centric perspective but often neglected the growing significance of non-state actors in regional cooperation. This article discusses how state actors who formerly shaped and to this day dominate regional polar politics increasingly rely on the expertise, knowledge and financial resources of non-state actors (NGOs, private actors and rightsholder groups) in order to meet the complex multi-level challenges arising from environmental changes in both Polar Regions. The article relates particularly to the thematic field of oil and gas development, which is regarded as a driver of environmental changes in the Anthropocene and to which the Polar Regions (also known as “Climate Change Barometers” due to their vulnerability to environmental change) are very sensitive. As this is a current concern controversially discussed particularly in view of the changing Arctic (oil and gas development is prohibited in Antarctica at least until 2048), this article draws particularly on empirical findings from policy-making in the Arctic Council. To illustrate the scope of the argument, however, this article also considers the role of non-state actors in the Antarctic Treaty System and shows how through the inclusion of non-state actors political constellations have changed in polar politics. Against this backdrop, this article argues that the growing significance of non-state actors in polar regional cooperation indicates how the general say of state and non-state actors in international politics likely changes in the light of the age of the Anthropocene.