Doruk Engin

Self-trapping of optical beams in photorefractive media

We study the possibility of self-trapping of an optical beam in a photorefractive medium under the combined influence of diffraction and self-scattering (two-wave mixing) of its spatial frequency components. We investigate the spectrum of solutions for the resulting photorefractive spatial solitons and discuss their unique properties. Design considerations and material requirements for experimental realization of these solitons, together with specific examples, are given.

Temporal evolution of fanning in photorefractive materials

We present detailed calculations of the temporal and spatial evolution of beam fanning in photorefractive crystals that is initiated by scattering from noise. We show that fanning starts from beam coupling between the incident radiation and part of the incident radiation scattered by noise at or near the input plane. We show that scattering within the volume of the crystal has negligible effect on fanning, that absorption affects the time response but not the spatial pattern of the fanning, and that the difference between calculations including only phase-matched terms and those including non-phase-matched terms is negligible.

1 kW cw Yb-fiber-amplifier with <0.5GHz linewidth and near-diffraction limited beam-quality for coherent combining application

In this paper, we present results on a master-oscillator Yb-doped fiber amplifier with 1 kW cw output power (at 1064nm), and near-diffraction limited beam quality (M2<1.4), with internal quantum efficiency >83%. The final amplifier stage uses a very high Yb-doped 35-um core LMA fiber, using a new process recipe that virtually eliminates photo-darkening. As a result, high efficiency, SBS-free operation to 1 kW cw power level is obtained, with a phase modulation bandwidth of only 450MHz, well below other reported results. To enable single-frequency cw power scaling to kW levels, we investigate LMA fiber waveguide designs exploiting gain-discrimination, using partially Yb-doped LMA fiber cores, with various diameters up to 80-um. SBS-free, singlefrequency (few kHz) operation is demonstrated up to 0.9kW cw power. At the lower cw powers (<200W) neardiffraction limited beam-quality is obtained, but is observed to deteriorate at higher cw powers. We discuss potential causes, and present a detailed simulation model of kW large-core fiber-amplifiers, that includes all guided modes, fiber bend, transverse spatial hole burning, gain-tailoring, mode-scattering, SBS nonlinearity, and various thermal effects. This model shows good agreement with the observed single-frequency power scaling and beam-quality characteristics.

Temporal evolution of photorefractive double phase-conjugate mirrors

We present wave-optics calculations of the temporal and spatial evolution from random noise of a double phase-conjugate mirror in photorefractive media that show its image exchange and phase-reversal properties. The calculations show that for values of coupling coefficient times length greater than two the process exhibits excellent conjugation fidelity, behaves as an oscillator, and continues to operate even when the noise required for starting it is set to zero. For values less than two, the double phase-conjugation process exhibits poor fidelity and disappears when the noise is set to zero.

Double phase conjugation

We model the double phase-conjugate mirror (DPCM) as a function of time, the average direction of propagation of the two beams forming the DPCM, and one transverse coordinate. Calculations show that the conjugation fidelity and reflectivity have different dependencies on the photorefractive coupling coefficient times length; the fidelity turns on abruptly with a threshold, whereas the reflectivity increases smoothly. The DPCM behaves as an oscillator at and above threshold: the time required for the reflectivity to reach the steady state dramatically slows down near threshold (like critical slowing down in lasers); above threshold the DPCM is self-sustaining even if the random noise terms used to start the process are set to zero. A decrease in the noise level improves the fidelity but increases the response time. The use of unbalanced input beam ratios results in asymmetric conjugation such that the fidelity obtained on the side of the weaker input beam is significantly reduced. The slowing down diminishes with increasing noise level or unbalanced input intensities.

Holographic characterization of chain photopolymerization

A holographic characterization technique is developed in accordance with a general photopolymerization model. The technique allows detailed quantification of the chemical parameters, including their variation from the Trommsdorff effect. The holographic procedure is especially suited for studying the diffusion of the chemical reactants.

Fixing of photorefractive volume holograms in K1-yLiyTa1-xO3

We report the f ixing of photorefractive holographic gratings with high eff iciency in a sample of K1-yLiyTa1-xNbxO3 doped with Cu, V, and Ti. Holograms are thermally fixed through the screening of a photorefractive space-charge field by a nonphotoactive species at elevated temperatures. Fixed holograms are revealed by illumination at lower temperatures. Diffraction efficiencies of 25% in a 0.54-cm-thick sample are measured. Holograms undergo thermal decay with a 0.67-eV activation energy.

Highly reliable and efficient 1.5μm-fiber-MOPA-based, high-power laser transmitter for space communication

Fibertek has developed a space qualifiable, highly efficient, high power (<5W), fiber based 1.5um laser optical module (LOM). The transmitter achieves 6W average and <1kW peak power out of a 2m long single mode delivery fiber with 8nsec pulses and <6Ghz linewidth. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) is managed by precise linewidth control and by use of LMA gain fiber in the power stage while maintaining the required diffraction limited, and highly polarized (PER<20dB) output. Size and weight of the built LOM are 8”x10”x2.375” and 3 kg, respectively. With improvements in the modulation scheme and component specification, achieved LOM electrical to optical efficiency is over 17.0%. Highly efficient operation is sustained for a wide range of pulse-position modulation (16 to 128-ary PPM) formats with pulse widths varying from 8nsec to 0.5nsec and operation temperature 10-50C. Pressure stress analysis, random vibration analysis and thermal analysis of the designed LOM predicts compliance with NASA GEVS levels for vibration and thermal cycling in a vacuum environment. System will undergo both thermal vacuum and vibration testing to validate the design.

Highly efficient and athermal 1550nm-fiber-MOPA-based high power down link laser transmitter for deep space communication

We demonstrate highly efficient, 1.5um-fiber-amplifier, optimized for athermal and reliable operation. High efficient operation is sustained for a wide range of pulse-position-modulation (16 to 128-ary PPM) formats with pulse widths varying from 8nsec to 0.5nsec. System achieves 6W average and ~1kW peak power with 8nsec pulses and 3Ghz linewidth. Stimulated Brillion scattering is managed by use of LMA fiber in final stage and precise linewidth control while maintaining the required diffraction limited, and (PER>20dB) polarized output. System maintains performance for ambient temperatures 10-50°C.

Fiber laser systems for space lasercom and remote sensing

Space based laser remote-sensing for Earth observation and planetary atmospheres has traditionally relied on the mature diode-pumped solid-state laser and nonlinear frequency conversion technology. We highlight representative examples, including ongoing space mission programs at Fibertek. Key design issues are highlighted, and the lessons learned from a multi-disciplinary design process addressing the space-qualification requirements. Fiber laser/amplifier system provides an agile optical platform for space based laser applications ‒ space lasercom, space-based Earth (or planetary) remote sensing, and space-based imaging. In particular we discuss ongoing efforts at Fibertek on a space-qualifiable, high-performance 1.5-μm Er-doped fiber laser transmitter for inter-planetary lasercom. Design and performance for space qualification is emphasized. As an example of an agile laser platform, use of above fiber laser/amplifier hardware platform for space based sensing of atmospheric CO2 is also highlighted.