Douglas Naue Simões

Effects of Weathering on Mechanical, Antimicrobial Properties and Biodegradation Process of Silver Loaded TPE Compounds

The incorporation of antimicrobial metals such as silver is an alternative to protect the material against microbial attack. However, loaded polymer can lose its antimicrobial properties after some time of use, and the additive may even leak out into the environment becoming harmful to non-target organisms. This study aims to evaluate the mechanical properties and antimicrobial activity of silver containing thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) samples exposed to weathering and the influence of additive incorporation in material biodegradation in the soil. For this purpose, silver ions (Ag+_bentonite, Ag+_phosphate) and silver nanoparticles (AgNp_silica) based additives were blended in a formulation of SEBS, polypropylene and mineral oil. The test samples were exposed to natural ageing over nine months, and were then evaluated according to their mechanical properties, antimicrobial activity, and degree of crystallinity and surface characteristics. The biodegradation process before and after natural ageing was evaluated through the generation of carbon dioxide. The results show that the action of natural ageing reduced the mechanical properties of loaded and unloaded TPE, and modified the degree of crystallinity and the chemical characteristic of the TPE surface. The presence or type of additive did not influence material resistance after being exposed to weathering. A decrease in antimicrobial activity in samples after natural ageing was observed. At a variable level and according to the chemical content, generation of carbon dioxide from TPE samples was greater in aged samples than in unexposed ones.

Effects of silver adsorbed on fumed silica, silver phosphate glass, bentonite organomodified with silver and titanium dioxide in aquatic indicator organisms

In order to reduce the level of transmission of diseases caused by bacteria and fungi, the development of antimicrobial additives for use in personal care, hygiene products, clothing and others has increased. Many of these additives are based on metals such as silver and titanium. The disposal of these products in the environment has raised concerns pertaining to their potential harmfulness for beneficial organisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the shape, surface chemistry, size and carrier of three additives containing silver and one with titanium dioxide (TiO2) on microcrustacean survival. Daphnia magna was used as a bioindicator for acute exposure test in suspensions from 0.0001 to 10,000ppm. Ceriodaphnia dubia was used for chronic test in TiO2 suspensions from 0.001 to 100ppm. D. magna populations presented high susceptibility to all silver based additives, with 100% mortality after 24hr of exposure. A different result was found in the acute experiments containing TiO2 suspensions, with mortality rates only after 48hr of incubation. Even on acute and chronic tests, TiO2 did not reach a linear concentration-response versus mortality, with 1ppm being more toxic than 10,000ppm on acute test and 0.001 more toxic than 0.01ppm on chronic assay. Silver based material toxicity was attributed to silver itself, and had no relation to either form (nano or ion) or carrier (silica, phosphate glass or bentonite). TiO2 demonstrated to have a low acute toxicity against D. magna.

Evaluation of commercial Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3 and TiO2 as antimicrobial additives in thermoplastic elastomers

ABSTRACT Health concerns have driven the production of antimicrobial materials aimed at controlling the spread of diseases. Styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS)-based thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) incorporated with titanium dioxide (TiO2), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) and aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) are one way to produce antimicrobial polymers. The purpose of this study is to characterise SEBS-based TPE compounds incorporated with TiO2, Mg(OH)2 and Al(OH)3. The mechanical, optical and antimicrobial characteristics of TPE samples were investigated. The differences between the means in the mechanical properties of all loaded materials were not significant. The optical results show a reduction in polymer transparency, with total opacity after the incorporation of TiO2. Among the additives tested, TiO2 offered the best antimicrobial action. There was no fungal growth on the loaded TPE surface. The incorporation of TiO2 in SEBS-based TPE materials may be used in the industry to develop antimicrobial products, which, when complemented with additional disinfection treatments, can contribute to public health.