Duane F. Bruley

Oxygen transport to tissue XXXIV

Professor Britton Chance was one of the most outstanding scientists in the world. He was born on July 24, 1913 in Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA and passed away on November 16th, 2010 in Philadelphia at the age of 97. He has left with us a tremendous legacy that many other extraordinary human beings cannot match. As a scientist and an engineer, he has invented and developed numerous physical instruments and employed them to answer some of the most pressing research questions in biology and medicine, ranging from enzyme kinetics through bioenergetics and electron transport in mitochondria, reactive oxygen species, quantum tunneling in biology, in vivo NMR, to biophotonics for brain functional studies and the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. He had a high impact on every major research field in which he worked and was regarded as a founding father for mitochondrial bioenergetics, redox sciences, in vivo NMR, and biophotonics. With his keen capacities in electronics, he worked in the MIT Radiation Lab on precision bombing and radar systems that were used in World War II and contributed to the development of the world’s first general purpose computer, ENIAC, at the University of Pennsylvania. As an athlete, he won an Olympic gold medal (5.5 m sailing) in Helsinki in 1952 and several World Championships in the late 1950s–1960s. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences in the USA and an academician in five other countries. He won the National Medal of Sciences in 1974. As an educator, he tirelessly trained thousands of students and researchers and many of them have become established leaders in various fields of scientific research. He had been an ISOTT member since the founding of the Society and was President of ISOTT in 1976. In his 90s, he traveled to China, Singapore, and Taiwan for various research and educational activities and helped local scientists to develop cutting-edge research projects and institutions. In 2008 and 2009 he received the two highest honors for foreign scientists from the Chinese government.

Oxygen transport to tissue XXXV

Preface.- Acknowledgements.- Remembering Professor Mamoru Tamura.- Part 1: Hypoxia.- Increased Kidney Metabolism as a Pathway to Kidney Tissue Hypoxia and Damage: Effects of Triiodothyronine and Dinitrophenol in Normoglycemic Rats.- Hypoxia-Induced Cerebral Angiogenesis in Mouse Cortex with Two-Photon Microscopy.- Reduction of Cytochrome c Oxidase During Vasovagal Hypoxia-Ischaemia in Human Adult Brain: A Case Study.- Increased HIF-1alpha and 2alpha Accumulation, but Decreased Microvascular Density, in Chronic Hyperoxia and Hypercapnia in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex.- Oxygen Delivery: The Principal Role of the Circulation.- Heart Rate Variability in Newborns with Hypoxic Brain Injury.- Part 2: Brain Oxygenation.- Simultaneous Monitoring of Brain and Skin Oxygenation during Haemorrhagic Shock in Piglets.- Hemispheric Differences of Motor Execution: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study.- Acute Stress Exposure Preceding Global Brain Ischemia Accelerates Decreased Doublecortin Expression in the Rat Retrosplenial Cortex.- Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Motor Cortex on Prefrontal Cortex Activation during a Neuromuscular Fatigue Task: An fNIRS Study.- The Effect of Inner Speech on Arterial CO2, Cerebral Hemodynamics and Oxygenation - A Functional NIRS Study.- Investigation of Frontal Lobe Activation with fNIRS and Systemic Changes during Video Gaming.- Effect of Valsalva Maneuver-induced Hemodynamic Changes on Brain Near-infrared Spectroscopy Measurements.- Cerebral Autoregulation in Premature Infants.- Brain Tissue Oxygen Saturation Increases during Sleep in Adolescents.- Changes of Cerebral Oxygen Metabolism and Hemodynamics during ECPR with Hypothermia Measured by Near Infrared Spectroscopy: A Pilot Study.- Part 3: Muscle Oxygenation.- Analysis of NIRS-based Muscle Oxygenation Parameters by Inclusion of Adipose Tissue Thickness.- Statistical Treatment of Oxygenation-related Data in Muscle Tissue.- O2 Saturation in the Intercostal Space during Moderate and Heavy Constant-load Exercise.- Muscle, Prefrontal and Motor Cortex Oxygenation Profiles during Prolonged Fatiguing Exercise.- Aging Affects Spatial Distribution of Leg Muscle Oxygen Saturation during Ramp Cycling Exercise.- Which is the Best Indicator of Muscle Oxygen Extraction during Exercise using NIRS? - Evidence that HHb is not the Candidate.- Tissue Oxygenation during Exercise Measured with NIRS: Reproducibility and Influence of Wavelengths.- Using Portable NIRS to Compare Arm and Leg Muscle Oxygenation during Roller-skiing in Bi-athletes: A Case Study.- The Use of Portable NIRS to measure Muscle Oxygenation and Haemodynamics during a Repeated Sprint Running Test.- Tumor Oxygenation.- Amifostine Acts upon Mitochondria to Stimulate Growth of Bone Marrow and Regulate Cytokines.- Hypoxia, Lactate Accumulation and Acidosis: Siblings Or Accomplices Driving Tumor Progression And Resistance To Therapy?.- Breast Cancer Detection of Large Size to DCIS by Hypoxia and Angiogenesis using NIRS.- Impact of Extracellular Acidosis on Intracellular pH Control and Cell Signaling in Tumor Cells.- Tumor Oxygenation: An Appraisal of Past and Present Concepts, and a Look into the Future.- In Vivo Metabolic Evaluation of Breast Tumor Mouse Xenografts for Predicting Aggressiveness Using the Hyperpolarized 13C-NMR Technique.- Mapping the Redox State of CHOP-treated Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Xenografts in Mice.- Maternal Bias in Mouse Radiosensitivity: The Role of the Mitochondrial PTP.- Interleukin 11 Protects Bone Marrow Mitochondria from Radiation Damage.- Tumor Reoxygenation following Administration of the EGFR inhibitor, Gefitinib, in Experimental Tumors.- Radiation Affects the Responsiveness of Bone Marrow to G-CSF.- Application of MOBILE (Mapping of Oxygen By Imaging Lipids relaxation Enhancement) to Study Variations in Tumor Oxygenation.- Primo Vascular System and its Potential Role in Cancer Metastasis.- Part 5: Cell Metabolism.- Pancreaticoduodenectomy using Perioperative Zymogen Protein C to Help Prevent Blood Clotting. A Trilogy on Increased Patient Safety.- Inhibition of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Induces Renal Mitochondrial Uncoupling in Rats.- Molecular Hydrogen Consumption in the Human Body during the Inhalation of Hydrogen Gas.- Oxidative Metabolism: Glucose vs Ketones.- Part 6: System Modelling.- Modelling Blood Flow and Metabolism in the Piglet Brain during Hypoxia-ischaemia: Simulating pH Changes.- Modelling Blood Flow and Metabolism in the Piglet Brain during Hypoxic-ischaemia: Simulating Brain Energetics.- Mathematical Modelling of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Signals and Intracranial Pressure in Brain Injured Patients.- Dependence on NIRS Source-Detector Spacing of Cytochrome C Oxidase Response to Hypoxia and Hypercapnia in the Adult Brain.- Modeling Hemoglobin Nitrite Reductase Activity as a Mechanism of Hypoxic Vasodilation?.- Part 7: Measurement Technologies.- Development of a Hybrid Microwave-optical Tissue Oxygenation Probe to Measure Thermal Response in the Deep Tissue.- Oxygen Sensitive Quantum Dots for Possible Nano-scale Oxygen Imaging in Cultured Cells.- Boron Tracedrug Design for Neutron Dynamic Therapeutics for LDL.- New Method of Analysing NIRS Data from Prefrontal Cortex at Rest.- Radiation Oxygen Biology with Pulse Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging in Animal Tumors.- Wavelength Selection for the Improvement of the Signal to Noise Ratio for Imaging of Haemoglobin Oxygenation with RGB Reflectometry.- Improving Pulse Oximetry Accuracy by Removing Motion Artifacts from Photoplethysmograms using Relative Sensor Motion: A Preliminary Study.- Measuring the Vascular Diameter of Brain Sur-face and Parenchymal Arteries in Awake Mouse.- Simultaneous Imaging of Cortical Blood Flow and Haemoglobin Concentration with LASCA and RGB Reflectometry.- Quality Evaluation Method for Rat Brain Cryofixation Based on NADH Fluorescence.- Cerebral Cortex Activation Mapping upon Electrical Muscle Stimulation by 32-channel Time Domain Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy.- NIRS-based Neurofeedback Learning Systems for Controlling Activity of the Prefrontal Cortex.- Cortical Mapping of 3D Optical Topography in Infants.- Monitoring of Hemodynamic Change in Patients with Carotid Artery Stenosis during the Tilt Test using Wearable Near-infrared Spectroscopy.- Index.

Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXXVI

Mitochondrial Genetic Abnormalities after Radiation Exposure.- Crediting Six Discoverers of Oxygen.- Hypoxia in Tumors: Pathogenesis-related Classification, Characterization of Hypoxia subtypes, and Associated Biological and Clinical Implications.- Heterogeneity in Tissue Oxygenation: From Physiological Variability in Normal Tissues to Pathophysiological Chaos in Malignant Tumours.- Oxygen Diffusion: An Enzyme-controlled Variable Parameter.- Role of Microvascular Shunts in the Loss of Cerebral Blood Flow Autoregulation.- Impact of Hypoxia-related Tumor Acidosis on Cytotoxicity of Different Chemotherapeutic Drugs in vitro and in vivo.- The Founding of ISOTT: The Shamattawa of Engineering Science and Medical Science.- A Tale of Two Methods: Combining Near-Infrared Spectroscopy with MRI for Studies of Brain Oxygenation and Metabolism.- Advances in Probes and Methods for Clinical EPR Oximetry.- Real-Time, In Vivo Determination of Dynamic Changes in Lung and Heart Tissue Oxygenation using EPR Oximetry.- Modulation of Hypoxia by Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia to Augment Therapeutic Index.- Skeletal Muscle and Glioma Oxygenation by Carbogen Inhalation in Rats: A Longitudinal Study by EPR Oximetry using Single-Probe Implantable Oxygen Sensors.- Recurrent Low-dose Chemotherapy to Inhibit and Oxygenate Head and Neck Tumors.- How in vivo EPR Measures and Images Oxygen.- What We Learn From In Vivo EPR Oxygen Images.- EPR Image Based Oxygen Movies for Transient Hypoxia.- Repetitive Measurements of Intrarenal Oxygenation in vivo using L band Electron Paramagnetic Resonance.- Quantitative Hypoxia Imaging for Treatment Planning of Radiotherapy.- A New Flavonoid Regulates Angiogenesis and Reactive Oxygen Species Production.- Angiotensin II Reduces Transport-Dependent Oxygen Consumption but Increases Transport-Independent Oxygen Consumption in Immortalized Mouse Proximal Tubular Cells.- Investigation of Cerebral Autoregulation in the Newborn Piglet during Anaesthesia and Surgery.- Influence of the Maternal use of Labetalol on the Neurogenic Mechanism for Cerebral Autoregulation Assessed by Means of NIRS.- Development of a Near Infrared Multi-Wavelength, Multi-channel, Time-Resolved Spectrometer for Measuring Brain Tissue Haemodynamics and Metabolism.- Simulating NIRS and MRS measurements during cerebral hypoxia-ischaemia in piglets using a computational model.- Analysis of Slow Wave Oscillations in Cerebral Haemodynamics and Metabolism Following Subarachnoid Haemorrhage.- Effects of Enriched Environment on Hippocampal Neuronal Cell Death and Neurogenesis in Rat Global Ischemia.- Automated Image Analysis for Diameters and Branching Points of Cerebral Penetrating Arteries and Veins Captured with Two-Photon Microscopy.- Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes and Metabolic Alteration in Severe Hemorrhagic Shock.- Physiological Mechanism of Increase in Deoxy-hemoglobin Concentration during Neuronal Activation in Patients with Cerebral Ischemia: A Simulation Study with the Balloon Model.- Effect of Blood in the Cerebrospinal Fluid on the Accuracy of Cerebral Oxygenation Measured by Near Infrared Spectroscopy.- Vessel Specific Imaging of Glucose Transfer with Fluorescent Glucose Analogue in Anesthetized Mouse Cortex.- Ischemic Pretreatment Delays Ischemic Brain Vasospasm Injury in Gerbils.- Changes in Cerebral Blood Oxygenation Induced by Active Standing Test in Children with POTS and NMS.- Optical Imaging of Brain Activation in Gambian Infants.- Asymmetrical Changes in Cerebral Blood Oxygenation Induced by an Active Standing Test in Children with Postural Tachycardia Syndrome.- Changes of Cerebral Tissue Oxygen Saturation at Sleep Transitions in Adolescents.- Influence of Subjective Happiness on the Prefrontal Brain Activity: An fNIRS Study.- Ginkobiloba Extract Improves Working Memory Performance in Middle-aged women Role of Asymmetry of Prefrontal Cortex Activity during a Working Memory Task.- Bayesian Prediction of Anxiety Level in Aged People at Rest using 2-Channel NIRS Data from Prefrontal Cortex.- Short-term Hypoxic Preconditioning Improved Survival following Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation in rats.- Venular Valves and Retrograde Perfusion.- Monitoring of Filter Patency during Carotid Artery Stenting using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy with High Time-Resolution.- Use of NIRS to Assess Effect of Training on Peripheral Muscle Oxygenation Changes in Elite Rugby Players Performing Repeated Supramaximal Cycling Tests.- Skeletal Muscle Deoxygenation Responses during Treadmill Exercise in Children.- Development of a Hybrid Microwave-Optical Thermoregulation Monitor for the Muscle.- Evaluation of a Textile-Based Near Infrared Spectroscopy System in Calf Muscle Oxygenation Measurements.- Skin Temperature in Lower Hind Limb Subjected to Distal Vein Arterialization in Rats.- Index.

A Computer Simulation of Simultaneous Heat and Oxygen Transport during Heterogeneous Three Dimensional Tumor Hyperthermia

Hyperthermia is a developing modelity for the treatment of cancer. This therapy is occasionally used by itself, however, usually it is used as an adjuvate with chemo or radiation therapy. The mechanism for this treatment is based on the fact that cancer cells are heated preferentially by heat application due to lower vascularity in the tumor tissue as compared with the surrounding normal tissue and that, when used with radiation therapy or chemo therapy, higher oxygen partial pressure in the tumor results in increased tumor cell damage. Appropriate mathematical models and their real time prediction of oxygen and temperature profiles could be very helpful in achieving optimal results via hyperthermia and to avoid possible danger which might occur during the treatment. Because of the complexity and the heterogeneous nature of physiological system, it is necessary to include heterogeneous properties in the mathematical models for them to be useful for biomedical calculations. Of course, it is much more difficult to solve mathematically the heterogeneous system than the homogeneous one. In this paper, the importance of the implementation of heterogeneities in the heat and mass transport for biological system mathematical modelling is discussed. Results of a three dimensional computer simulation of mass and heat transfer in tumor tissue with different capillary geometries during hyperthermia are demonstrated. The method used for the computer simulation is a deterministic/probabilistic technique, Williford-Bruley calculational strategy.

Erratum to: Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXXV

The updated online versions of these chapters can be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7411-1_4 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7411-1_13 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7411-1_44 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7411-1_45 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7411-1_47 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7411-1 Errata to: S. Van Huffel et al. (eds.), Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXXV, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 789, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7411-1

A multicomponent, random walk model of transport and metabolism inside a neuron.

A model of multicomponent transport, consumption, and production of metabolites inside a neuron containing discrete mitochondria and glycolytic enzymes is developed using a random walk model of molecular transport. The ratio of anaerobic to aerobic metabolism which maximizes ATP production under normal, ischemic, and anoxic conditions is calculated. The ratio of the number of mitochondria to glycolytic enzymes which maximizes ATP under normal conditions is also calculated. Because the volume of the neuron is fixed, the sum of the number of mitochondria and glycolytic enzymes is fixed. This constraint is incorporated in the optimization process as an interior penalty function. Some of the advantages of employing the random walk technique are simple stoichiometry can be used to model consumption and production of metabolites, the geometry of the enzyme system and their active sites can be easily included in the model, and saturation of enzymes can be more easily modeled.

A Mathematical Model Applying the Random-Walk Method to the Environment of a Neuron

A mathematical model describing the supply and demand relationships existing in the environment of a brain cell (neuron of the cerebral cortex) was developed. The stochastic random-walk technique was applied to the representation and solution of the system which consisted of a neuron being supplied with nutrients by an adjoining capillary. The random-walk method incorporated a uniformly generated random number which was weighted by the normal distribution curve to determine the random walk of a molecule. The resultant weighted value was designated as defining the motion of any particular species in space. The distribution curve was a function of diffusivity and time. The method allowed the tracking of individual molecules as they proceeded through the metabolic reactions in the cell. Oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide and lactate were selected as the primary components of study, since they represent the major input and output parameters of metabolism inside the cell. The consumption and/or production of these components were dependent on probability values assigned to each metabolic reaction into which they entered. The solution of the model was based on the number of molecules existing in the tissue as a function of PO2, (partial pressure of oxygen), glucose level, etc. The model was very sensitive to perturbations of metabolic scheme parameters and to PO2 levels in the capillary. The model predicted an excess of O2, (oxygen) in the tissue. The effects of edema on intercapillary distances as well as changes in the size and number of mitochondria within the neuron were examined using the model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Stochastic Analysis of Transport Phenomena in Heterogenous Tissue

In the classical analysis of mass transport phenomena, several basic assumptions must be made before the mechanics of the transport analysis can be implemented. The first is that the medium through which the mass is being transported is homogenous. Second is that the particle displacements in space from a given point are normally distributed. The third assumption is that each molecule or “particle” moves independently of all the other particles and has zero volume and mass. These conditions allow the formulation of the Green’s function (which is used in the solution of the mass transport equation) for the respective geometry and boundary conditions. The last basic assumption is that the classical transport process is Markov. This means that the events which occur at some future time depend only upon the present state of the system, and not on the past.