Dukhwan Lim

Development of Korean Standard Sentence Lists for Sentence Recognition Tests

유소아기 청력손실은 언어습득 및 언어발달, 학습 및 정서심리 등에 지대한 영향을 미치므로 가능한 조기에 발견하고 중재해야 한다. 이러한 일련의 과정에서 어음청각검사를 통하여 어음인지능력을 적절히 평가하고 이를 바탕으로 중재를 도모하는 일은 무엇보다 중요하다. 어음인지도(speech recognition score)는 듣기에 가장 적절한 강도로 어음을 제시하였을 때 정확히 확인하는 정도(%)를 측정하는 것28)으로 일상생활의 듣기능력에 대한 정보 제공뿐만 아니라 청력손실 병변 부위, 보장구의 선택 및 적합, 재활의 평

Development of Korean Standard Monosyllabic Word Lists for Adults (KS-MWL-A)

Development of Korean Standard Monosyllabic Word Lists for Adults (KS-MWL-A) Jin-Sook Kim, Dukhwan Lim, Ha-Na Hong, Hyun-Wook Shin, Ki-Do Lee, Bin-Na Hong and Jung-Hak Lee Department of Speech Pathology & Audiology, College of Natural Sciences, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea Graduate Program in Audiology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea Department of Speech Pathology & Audiology, Nambu University, Gwangju, Korea Department of Audiology, Hallym Institute of Advanced International Studies, Seoul, Korea Word recognition test (WRT) presented at the most comfortable loudness level can provide valuable informations for diagnosing the degree of communication disability, prescribing hearing instruments, planning aural rehabilitation and speech therapy, and determination of site of lesions. The purpose of this study was to develop the Korean standard monosyllabic word lists for adults (KS-MWL-A). Considering the criteria given by the literatures such as phonetic balance, equal range of phonetic composition of speech, words in common usage, and words’ familiarity, etc, first 1,456 candidating monosyllabic words were selected. Those were extracted from the conventional lists, the first and second graded familiar words, and the words that were included in the dictionary. In order to reflect the actual frequencies of syllable in colloquialism, initial and final consonants’ and vowels’ frequencies in everyday dialogue were investigated and controlled. The KS-MWL-A was developed with selected final 200 monosyllabic words, followed by examinations of psychometric functions and homogeneity of the stimulus twice and corrections referred by the experts. The first and the second psychometric function tests were performed to 30 young adults (mean age:22) and to 48 young adults (mean age:21.5), respectively at 12 steps of intensity from -10 to 45 dBHL in 5 dBHL steps and psychometric function curves were obtained using the logistic regression equation. The mean slope was 8.81 and the words that were within 1.50 and 1.96 standard deviations of the slope and the level were only included. The KS-MWL-A 200 words were composed of conventional word lists by Hahm (1962) with 53.5% (107 words) and the first and second graded familiarity words with 93.5% (187 words). Also, consonant-vowel-consonant formation and noun class were mostly composed with 52% (104 words) and 97.5% (196 words). Four lists were balanced based on equal average difficulty and equal phonetic composition and homogeneity. List 1, 2, 3, 4’s slope means were analyzed by one way ANOVA according to the type of the list-full list with 50 words, half list with 25 words, and quick list with 10 wordsand showed 0.37, 0.32, and 0.09 probability value. This indicates there should be no clinical difference among four lists used with the type of lists. And the type of the lists’ slope means were analyzed by one way ANOVA according to the four different 1, 2, 3, and 4 lists and showed 0.91, 0.62, 0.57 and 0.09 probability value. This indicates there should be no clinical difference among type of the list used with the different four lists as well. However, there were some limitations in developing the KS-MWL-A for that graded familiarity was not systematical, that psychometric functions should have been analyzed for all the drafted lists, that the frequency of the final consonant was analyzed tentatively, and that the word frequency and lexical effects were not considered based on the neighborhood activation model. Further verification of this study should be performed for better Korean monosyllabic word lists.

Korean monosyllabic auditory digit span memory in normal hearing adults

Korean monosyllabic auditory digit span memory in normal hearing adults Dukhwan Lim and Ji Yun Moon Section of Audiology, Audiology and Speech Pathology Research Institute, Hallym University, ChunCheon, South Korea Graduate School, Hallym University, ChunCheon, South Korea Digit spans were frequently used as a potential tool for evaluating central auditory signal processing such as auditory memory and learning. The basic detailed data, however, were not available for Korean digit span sets. In this study, Korean monosyllable digit spans were examined in normal hearing adults. The stimuli were synthesized in 1 to 10 Korean digit spans of male and female voices. They were randomly presented through the closed acoustic system for 20 subjects (10 males and 10 females). The corresponding responses were recorded and analyzed on the custom-made computerized workstation. In this result, no statistically significant differences were observed in terms of the lateralization (left/right) and the gender of the subjects and speakers (p > .01). The average performance point of 50% was determined at the index value of about 8 in this Korean digit span study. In conclusion, the data exhibited the similar trends as those from digit span experiments with other languages. Further language specific outcomes can be analyzed with the addition of the related digit intervals and controlled acoustical features. This procedure may also contribute to clinical applications on screening and probing memory-related central processing disorders.

Development of School Aged and Preschool Korean Bisyllabic Word Lists for Speech Recognition Threshold Test

SooJin Cho, JungHak Lee, Dukhwan Lim, KyungWon Lee and HeeKyung Han Department of Speech Pathology & Audiology, Daebul University, Yeongam, Korea Department of Audiology, Hallym Institute of Advanced International Studies, Seoul, Korea Division of Audiology and Speech Pathology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea Inter-Disciplinary Program of Speech Pathology & Audiology, Graduate School, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea

Critical Bandwidths of a Basic Tonal Frequency for Korean Normal Young Adults

Purpose: The critical bandwidth represents response interactions with respect to a reference tone and neighboring spectral bands. The aim of this study was to analyze the critical bandwidths of a 1,000 Hz tone in Korean young male and female subjects at a conversational level (60 dB HL). Methods: Critical bandwidths were measured in twenty subjects with the notched band noise method under the two alternative forced choice condition. Results: The average critical bandwidth of 1,000 Hz was 175.23 Hz, which was slightly greater than the previous Western measures. There were no statistically significant differences in gender, nor were there any significant differences in lateralization of the ear (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Critical bandwidth measures can produce valuable response profiles for reference tones and adjacent frequency bands. This information will be beneficial in improving Korean speech communication under various acoustic conditions.

Comparative Studies of Perceiving Korean Monosyllabic Digit Words under Different Speech Compression Schemes

The performances of speech compression schemes appeared to be dependent on the response profiles to compressed stimuli and the features of individual languages to some extent. Although these response profiles were critical in comparing various compression outcomes, the related data were limited in number for Korean monosyllabic words. From the previous study, data from PNT (Preserving No Trait) compression was selected as a base set for comparison. In this study, the outcomes from PPT (Preserving Pitch Trait) and PTT (Preserving Time Trait) were analyzed under the same condition. Then, the properties of these three widely used representative compression schemes were quantitatively compared in normal hearing adults (N

Comparative Studies on Backward Korean Monosyllabic Digit Span inNormal Hearing Adults

Comparative Studies on Backward Korean Monosyllabic Digit Span in Normal Hearing Adults Dukhwan Lim and Sunhee Jin Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, College of Natural Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea Research Institute of Audiology and Speech Pathology, Chuncheon, Korea Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Graduate School, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea Backward digit span was frequently adopted as a useful tool for evaluating auditory working memory and learning. The detailed response data, however, were not available for backward Korean digit span sets. In this study, backward Korean monosyllable digit spans were examined in normal hearing young adults with special reference to the previous forward Korean digit span data. The stimuli were synthesized in 1 to 10 Korean digit spans of male and female voices. They were randomly presented through the closed acoustic system for 20 subjects (10 males and 10 females). The corresponding backward digit span responses were recorded and analyzed on the custom-made computerized workstation. In this result, no statistically significant differences were observed in terms of the lateralization (left/right) and the gender of the subjects and speakers (p > .01). The average performance point of 50% was determined at the index value of about 6 in this backward Korean digit span study. This led to about 2 index differences from the average values of forward and backward digit span data (p < .01). This discrepancy corresponded to the additional processing in the backward digit span task model. In conclusion, the data exhibited the similar trends as those from backward digit spans with other languages. These backward and forward digit spans can contribute to exploring auditory memory functions and the related clinical implications.

Application of Markov process on the outcomes of auditory rehabilitation programs

보청기와 같은 청각보조기를 적용한 청각재활에서 주관 적인 만족도는 향후 지속적인 재활에 필요한 중요한 요소의 하나이다(Bentler et al., 1993; Cox, 2003; Vestergaard, 2006). 이러한 요소는 재활 과정에서 각 단계 별 청각기 능에 대한 평가나 관리에 직접 또는 간접적으로 영향을 주 게 된다. 이러한 과정에 여러 가지 참고 지표가 사용될 수있으며 이러한 자료에 근거하여 보다 나은 결과를 나타낼 수 있도록 재활 프로그램에서 청능훈련 목록이나 보청기 적합과정을 변경하게 된다(Cox & Alexander, 2007; Dillon et al., 1997; Erdman et al., 1994). 그러나 이러 한 재활 프로그램의 만족도를 근거로 하여 전체 재활의 효 과를 정량적으로 예측하고, 체계적으로 분석하는 방법이 아직 확립되어 있지가 않다. 현재 Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (APHAB)나 Hearing Handicap Inventory of the Elderly (HHIE) 등과 같은 설문 중심 의 도구들이 주로 사용되고 있으나, 전술한 목적으로 그 활용범위를 확장하기에는 한계가 있다(Desjardins & Doherty, 2009). 청각재활의 영역도 다른 분야와 마찬가 지로 대상자의 만족도가 중요하다.

Effects of Signal to Noise Ratios on Japanese Pitch Accent Perception and Pitch Pattern Discrimination

This study aimed to analyze the effects of noise with various signal to noise ratios on suprasegmental features (pitch accent) in Japanese double mora words in native (Japanese) and non-native (Korean) groups. Pitch pattern discrimination test with High-Low and Low-High patterns (195 Hz/270 Hz, 195 Hz/205 Hz, 270 Hz/280 Hz) and Japanese pitch accent perception test with 10 pairs of Japanese double mora nouns were presented to Japanese and Korean subjects under various signal to noise ratios. The results were as follows：(1) There were no significant effects of noise on pitch pattern test in Japanese group while Korean group showed statistically significant effects at 195 Hz/270 Hz, 270 Hz/280 Hz patterns at –10 dB SNR (p=0.05). Japanese accent perception test showed statistically significant effects at -5, -10 dB SNRs in both groups. (2) There were no statistically significant effects of the native language on pitch pattern discrimination test while Japanese pitch accent perception test exhibited statistically significant effects at - 10 dB SNR. In addition, the correct response rates of Japanese group were higher than those of Korean group in individual words. (3) In Japanese group both LH and HL patterns had similar correct response rates while in Korean group HL pattern showed better performances than LH pattern. (4) There was no statistically significant correlation between the degree of fundamental frequency differences and correct scores in double morae. The corresponding slope profile of correct scores vs SNR ratios was steeper in Korean than Japanese group. KEY WORDS：SNR·Japanese pitch·Pitch accent·Pitch pattern

Development of Korean Standard Monosyllabic Word Lists for School Aged Children(KS-MWL-S) and Preschoolers(KS-MWL-P)

Development of Korean Standard Monosyllabic Word Lists for School Aged Children(KS-MWL-S) and Preschoolers(KS-MWL-P) Jin-Sook Kim, Dukhwan Lim, Ha-Na Hong, Hyun-Wook Shin, Ki-Do Lee, Bin-Na Hong and Jung-Hak Lee Department of Speech Pathology & Audiology, College of Natural Sciences, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea Graduate Program in Audiology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea Department of Speech pathology & Audiology, Nambu University, Gwangju, Korea Department of Audiology, Hallym Institute of Advanced International Studies, Seoul, Korea Word recognition test (WRT) for the children can be useful for diagnosing the degree of communication disability, prescribing hearing instruments, planning aural rehabilitation and speech therapy, and determination of site of lesions. It is important to use appropriate testing materials for the different langage developmental levels according to the age. As the Korean monosyllabic word lists for the children were not standardized properly, the purpose of this study was to develop the Korean standard monosyllabic word lists for school aged children and preschoolers (KS-MWL-S & KS-MWL-P). Considering the criteria given by the literatures such as phonetic balance and equal range of phonetic composition of speech, words in common usage, and words’ familiarity, etc, first 1,739 & 1,351 monosyllabic words were selected for candidates of KS-MWL-S & P. Those were extracted from the conventional lists, the first and second graded familiar words, the words that were included in the dictionary, children’s books, published articles, and children’s TV program. In order to reflect the actual frequencies of syllable in general colloquialism, initial and final consonants’ and vowels’ frequencies in everyday dialogue were investigated and controlled. The KS-MWL-S & P were developed with selected final 100 monosyllabic words, respectively, followed by examinations of psychometric functions and homogeneity of the stimulus and corrections referred by the experts. The psychometric function tests were performed with the identical method with the KSMWL-A development. The subjects were 30 children (mean age:9.23) for the school aged children’s list and 8 children (mean age: 5.75) for the preschoolers’ list. The mean slopes were 6.49 and 3.07 and the words that were within 1.00 standard deviations of the slope and the level were only included. Picture recognition tests were also performed to 3-4 years old 91 children for verification of the pictures that are drawn by the professional illustrators followed by the corrections. The KS-MWL-S & P 100 words were composed of conventional word lists by Hahm (1962) with 67% (67 words) for the school aged children’s list and 68% (68 words) for the preschoolers’ list, the first and second graded familiarity words with 98% (98 words) for both lists. Also, consonant-vowelconsonant formation was mostly composed with 60% (60 words) for the school aged children’s list and 71% (71 words) for the preschoolers’ list and noun class was 97% (67 words) for the school aged children’s list and 99% (99 words) for the preschoolers’ list, 52% (104 words) and 97.5% (196 words). Four lists were balanced based on equal average difficulty and equal phonetic composition and homogeneity statistically for both word lists. In the KS-MWL-S, the first 10 words on each list were controlled with easy words considering application to the 6-8 years old and the full lists were composed with general school aged children word such as the 9-12 years old. In the KS-MWL-P, the first 10 words on each list were also controlled with easy words considering application to the 3-4 years old and the 20 words on each list were composed with general preschoolers’ application. The last 5 words on each list were added with a little harder words for the usage of multi-handicapped and delayed developed children and adults over 5 years old. However, there were some limitations in developing the KS-MWL-S & P for that graded familiarity was not systematical, that psychometric functions should have been analyzed for all the drafted lists, that the frequency of phonemes should have been based on the age-dependent information, and that the word frequency and lexical effects were not considered based on the neighborhood activation model. Moreover, the verification of this study should be further performed including many hearing impaired children. And analysis of the frequency of the words of these lists and new computerized technology can assist for the utiliza논문접수일:2008년 09월 05일 심사완료일:2008년 10월 21일 교신저자:이정학, 135-841 서울 강남구 대치동 906-18 한림국제대학원대학교 청각학과 전화:(02) 2051-4950·전송:(02) 3453-6618·E-mail:leejh@hallym.ac.kr AUDIOLOGY • 청능재활 2008;4:141-160 142 tion to the clinical and rehabilitative training tool of the KS-MWL-S & P.