E.H.F. Ka

Pseudopheochromocytoma: An uncommon cause of malignant hypertension

A 42-year-old black African patient was admitted in the emergency department with severe headache, dizziness, and visual problems. He had been treated for hypertension diagnosed eight months ago after a similar episode. He was taking atenolol 100 mg /day, amlodipine 10 mg/day, and a combination of lisinopril 20 mg/hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg daily but experienced several hypertension peaks and hypotension. He adhered to treatment and was neither using traditional herbal medication nor illicit drugs. He did not smoke, but used to drink 1–2 glasses of wine after dinner. At admission, his blood pressure was 235/145 mm of Hg. His body mass index was 25.5 kg/m2 and the waist/hip ratio was 0.9. Physical examination was unremarkable. Fundoscopic examination revealed hypertensive retinopathy. Biochemical and imaging explorations were compatible with diagnosis of pseudopheochromocytoma. Evolution was favourable after treatment with alpha-1 and beta-blokers.

Obstetric Cortical Renal Necrosis, Even Reality in the Tropics

Obstetric cortical renal necrosis is a serious complication that can lead to chronic renal failure and the need for dialysis for life in some cases. In Africa, despite progress, much remains to provide in order to prevent this complication. Difficulties in health care access and lack of monitoring of pregnancies are contributing factors. We propose through 5 cases report the characteristics of obstetric renal cortical necrosis in the tropics.

Problematic of Vascular Access for Hemodialysis in Sub-Saherienne Africa: Experience of Dakar

Aim: Vascular access is important for a good survive in hemodialysis. It can be temporary or permanent, and needs particular attention because of possible complications, especially infectious. We conducted a study to determine the type and the outcome of vascular access in two hemodialysis units in Dakar. Materials and Methods: A multicenter retrospective study was conducted from the 1st January 2005 to 10 September 2010 in two hemodialysis centers: Hospital Aristide Le Dantec and the MDTC (Multifunctional Diagnosis and Treatment Center) of Dakar. All the patients- regularly dialyzed since at least three months in these centers were included. Results: Sixty five patients were included. The mean age was 50.2 years with a sex ratio of 1.7. The mean duration in hemodialysis was 23.2 month. Only five patients (7.80%) had an AVF before starting in hemodialysis. Sixty patients (92.2%) started dialysis with a central venous catheter. Among them, 49 (81.6%) had a double lumen femoral catheter and 11 had a jugular one with 4 tunneled. Complications of vascular access were noted for 23 patients (39.7%) with 12 infections. Blood culture was positive for Staphylococcus Aureus in seven cases. Seven patients presented lower limb thrombophlebitis. Thrombosis of the catheter was noted in four patients. Radial arterio-venous fistula (AVF) was the first intention permanent access in 41 cases (64.1%) followed by cephalic AVF in 14 cases (21.9%) and basilic AVF in 9 (14%). AVF complications were presented in 56.9% of case (40 patients). Most of them was early defect in 18 cases (27.7%), thrombosis in 9 (13.8%) and stenosis in 5 (7.7%). Radial AVF infection to Staphylococcus Aureus was noted in 3 cases, and one pseudo aneurysm was noted. Conclusion: Vascular access for hemodialysis is a great problem in Senegal. More than two third of our patients start dialysis on venous catheters, this is far from the clinical practice guidelines.

Light Chain Deposition Disease in Black African, Report of Three Cases from Senegal

Background: Although there are numerous publications on multiple myeloma in black people, it seems sub-Saharan literature particularly Senegalese’ one is silent about Light chain deposition disease (LCDD) which is linked to immunoglobulin light chain deposition in glomerulus. The authors report the first three observations of LCDD collected in Nephrology department of Aristide Le Dantec hospital in Dakar, Senegal. Cases: we report three cases a man and two women of 61, 69 and 47 years old respectively, admitted to the Nephrology department of Aristide Le Dantec hospital for rapidly progressive renal failure in one case and a nephrotic syndrome in 2 other cases. The renal biopsy showed a nodular glomerulosclerosis and immunofluorescence microscopy, revealed deposition of IgG light chains suggesting LCDD. On the other hand, the diagnosis of multiple myeloma of IgG kappa type in 2 cases and IgG lambda type in the other one was done. A combination of chemotherapy (Mephalan Prednisone) and hemodialysis was instituted for all 3 cases. The evolution was marked by the appearance of an end stage renal disease in 2 cases and the third one was expired due to an infected bed sore secondary to a pathological fracture of the neck of the femur. Conclusion: Although the LCDD is rare, the prognosis of this syndrome seems to be poor as more than half of the patients die or progress to ESRD within 2 years.

Schistosoma hematobium-associated glomerulopathy.

Schistosomiasis is the second most devastating tropical parasitic disease worldwide and is responsible for many urological complications. However, glomerular injury is a rare complication mainly described with Schistosoma mansoni. We report a case of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) associated with Schistosoma hematobium infection in a young Senegalese boy living in a rural area. Clinical presentation was with steroid-resistant with nephrotic syndrome. Renal biopsy showed type 1 MPGN with the presence of S. hematobium eggs surrounded by a gigantocellular granuloma. Despite therapy with antihelminthic and immunosuppressive drugs, evolution was characterized by progression to end-stage renal disease over 1 year. More efforts should be made on the prevention and early detection of schistosomiasis among at-risk populations.

Le syndrome néphrotique idiopathique (SNI) de l’enfant à Dakar: à propos de 40 cas

Introduction L’objectif de ce travail était d’analyser les caractéristiques diagnostiques, thérapeutiques et évolutives de l’enfant atteint de néphrose dans un service de pédiatrie de Dakar. Méthodes L’étude était réalisée au service de pédiatrie de l’hôpital Aristide Le Dantec. Il s’agissait d’une étude rétrospective sur une période de 03 ans allant du 1er janvier 2012 au 31 décembre 2014. Ont été inclus tous les patients âgés de 02 ans à 12 ans présentant un tableau de Syndrome néphrotique idiopathique. Résultats Quarante cas de néphrose étaient colligés soit une prévalence de 23% parmi les néphropathies prises en charge dans le service. L’âge moyen était de 7,11± 3,14 ans. Le syndrome néphrotique était pur chez 72,5% (n=29) des patients. Les œdèmes des membres inférieurs étaient présents chez 100% des patients, l’oligurie dans 55% (n=22) et l’HTA dans 5% (n=2) des cas. La protéinurie moyenne était de 145,05 ± 85,54 mg/kg/24heures. La protidémie moyenne était de 46,42 ±7,88 g/L et l’albuminémie moyenne de 17,90 ± 7,15 g/L. Trente-neuf patients avaient reçu une corticothérapie à base de prednisone. La corticosensibilité était retenue chez 77% (n=30) des patients et la corticorésistance chez 13% (n=5) des cas. Le facteur de mauvaise réponse à la corticothérapie était un niveau de protéinurie initiale supérieure à 150 mg/kg/jour (p = 0,024). La biopsie rénale était réalisée chez 18% (n=7) des patients et retrouvait dans 57,2% (n=4) des cas une hyalinose segmentaire et focale. Le cyclophosphamide et l’azathioprine étaient associés aux corticoïdes dans 10% (n=4) des cas chacun. Le taux de rémission globale était de 89,8%. L’évolution vers l’insuffisance rénale chronique était notée chez trois (03) des patients. Conclusion La néphrose représentait près du quart des néphropathies prises en charge dans notre service. Le taux de rémission globale était élevé. Le seul facteur de mauvaise réponse à la corticothérapie était le niveau de protéinurie initiale élevée. En cas d’indication de la biopsie rénale chez nos patients, la HSF était la lésion la plus fréquemment retrouvée.

Prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in an african semi-urban area: Results from a cross-sectional survey in Gueoul, Senegal

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health priority worldwide; however, its prevalence and incidence are difficult to assess. In Africa, few studies have been conducted on the prevalence of CKD. This study sought to describe the epidemiological characteristics and profile of CKD, as well as the related risk factors in Guéoul, a semi-urban zone in Senegal. An observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive study was conducted in Guéoul city in Senegal from November 1, 2012, to December 10, 2012, according to the WHO STEPS approach. People older than 35 years living in Guéoul city were included in the study. Cardiovascular and renal disease risk factor screening was conducted for this population. Data were analyzed using the 3.5.1 version of Epi Info software. The significance level was a P <0.05. One thousand four hundred and eleven participants with a mean age of 48 ± 12.68 years and a sex ratio of 0.34 were included in the study (359 men/1052 women). The prevalence of renal disease was 36.5%. Sixty-eight people showed proteinuria greater than two cross with urinary dipsticks. Two hundred and six people had a glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min, and among them, 201 were in stage III, two in stage IV, and three in stage V according to the modification of diet in renal disease formula. Ninety-eight participants had morphological abnormalities. Cardiovascular risk factors found among participants with renal disease were obesity (25.2%), hypertension (55.5%), diabetes (2.3%), and renal and metabolic syndrome (32.43%). Those that statistically significantly correlated with renal disease were obesity (P = 0.0001), hypertension (P = 0.0001), and diabetes (P = 0.021). This study assessed the extent of renal disease in the population of Guéoul city. Being aware of the prevalence of CKD in the general population of Senegal is mandatory for defining appropriate strategies for the management of these risk factors and progression of renal diseases.

Hemophagocytic Syndrome, an Uncommon Complication of Microscopic Polyangitis: A Case Report From Senegal

Introduction: We reported a case of hemophagocytic syndrome complicating microscopic polyangitis presented by crescentic glomerulonephritis. Case Presentation: A 22-year-old female patient originated from Dakar, Senegal presented with nephrotic syndrome and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. On physical examination, we noticed hyperchromic diffuse punctilious purpura skin lesions predominant on the trunk, the neck and the upper thigh. Immunology investigations revealed strongly positive anti SSA/Ro and anti-SSB. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies had positive results with a peri-nuclear type fluorescence, specific to myeloperoxidase. In optic microscopy, renal biopsy showed a crescentic glomerulonephritis with circumferential cellular and fibrous proliferation affecting 85% of glomeruli. The diagnosis of microscopic polyangitis with renal and skin involvement was retained. The patient received methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide 700 mg/m2 every 15 days for the first 3 pulses and every 21 days thereafter. After the 5th month, she developed obnubilation, fever and central pancytopenia. Bone marrow aspiration was performed, which showed medullary invasion by macrophages with signs of hemophagocytosis. Diagnosis of hemophagocytic syndrome complicating a microscopic polyangitis was retained and methylprednisolone pulses started. The patient was under hemodialysis after follow-up of about 9 months with stable clinical state. Conclusions: The occurrence of SAM in pauci-autoimmune vasculitis is rarely described, particularly in Africa. Our case is an illustration of the reality of this association.