E. Jürgen Plotz

Hormones in human reproduction

In undergoing this life, many people always try to do and get the best. New knowledge, experience, lesson, and everything that can improve the life will be done. However, many people sometimes feel confused to get those things. Feeling the limited of experience and sources to be better is one of the lacks to own. However, there is a very simple thing that can be done. This is what your teacher always manoeuvres you to do this one. Yeah, reading is the answer. Reading a book as this hormones in human reproduction and other references can enrich your life quality. How can it be?Abstract Following the administration of progesterone labeled with carbon 14 at position 21 to a patient with a normal pregnancy about 70 per cent of the administered radioactivity was recovered from the urine, feces, and expired air (22.62 per cent, 29.74 per cent, and 18.56 per cent, respectively). The excretion of radioactive metabolites by the skin was minimal. At present we have not accounted for the remaining 30 per cent of the administered radioactivity, but it seems likely that part of it is stored in the fat compartments of the body for a considerable length of time. There was no relationship between the urinary recovery of radioactivity and the pregnant and nonpregnant state, nor the viability of the fetus. The metabolites in urine and feces consist mainly of conjugated steroids, as pregnanediol, pregnanolone, and other unknown compounds. The elimination of tagged carbon dioxide after the administration of C 14 -21-progesterone indicates an oxidation of the side chain of the progesterone molecule, resulting in the formation of such steroids as androstenedione and related compounds which have androgenic properties. Determinations of radioactivity in the blood plasma following the intravenous and intramuscular administration of the labeled hormone demonstrated a rapid disappearance of the free steroid from the circulation due to (1) a speedy conjugation with glucuronic acid and (2) rapid diffusion into body tissues, mainly into the fat compartment. In contrast to the high concentration of radioactivity in the fat, only moderate amounts of radioactivity were demonstrated in the myometrium and the decidua of pregnant patients. Extremely low concentrations of radioactivity were found in the endometrium of non-pregnant women during the pre- and postovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle, and no radioactivity was demonstrable in the atrophic endometrium of 2 patients. The absence of estrogenic activity seems to prevent the entrance of the hormone into the cells of the mucosal layer of the uterus. This observation provides direct evidence that estrogens must prepare the endometrial cells in order that progesterone can exhibit its progestational effect. Apparently, only minimal amounts of progesterone and/or its metabolites are necessary to exert its biological effects on the endometrium. Preliminary studies on the biosynthesis of estrogens in human pregnancy revealed that cholesterol as well as testosterone can serve as a precursor of estrone. In a patient with choriocarcinoma C 14 -4-progesterone was converted into radioactive estrone. The data which we have presented here complete another milestone in the very long experimental road toward our understanding of the metabolism and biosynthesis of the steroid hormones in mammalian reproduction. It becomes increasingly apparent that our thorough understanding of their role in the normal reproductive process must precede an intelligent approach to the solution of many problems in obstetrics and gynecology.

Hormones in human reproduction: Part II. Further investigation of steroid metabolism in human pregnancy☆☆☆★

Abstract Following the administration of progesterone labeled with carbon 14 at position 21 to a patient with a normal pregnancy about 70 per cent of the administered radioactivity was recovered from the urine, feces, and expired air (22.62 per cent, 29.74 per cent, and 18.56 per cent, respectively). The excretion of radioactive metabolites by the skin was minimal. At present we have not accounted for the remaining 30 per cent of the administered radioactivity, but it seems likely that part of it is stored in the fat compartments of the body for a considerable length of time. There was no relationship between the urinary recovery of radioactivity and the pregnant and nonpregnant state, nor the viability of the fetus. The metabolites in urine and feces consist mainly of conjugated steroids, as pregnanediol, pregnanolone, and other unknown compounds. The elimination of tagged carbon dioxide after the administration of C 14 -21-progesterone indicates an oxidation of the side chain of the progesterone molecule, resulting in the formation of such steroids as androstenedione and related compounds which have androgenic properties. Determinations of radioactivity in the blood plasma following the intravenous and intramuscular administration of the labeled hormone demonstrated a rapid disappearance of the free steroid from the circulation due to (1) a speedy conjugation with glucuronic acid and (2) rapid diffusion into body tissues, mainly into the fat compartment. In contrast to the high concentration of radioactivity in the fat, only moderate amounts of radioactivity were demonstrated in the myometrium and the decidua of pregnant patients. Extremely low concentrations of radioactivity were found in the endometrium of non-pregnant women during the pre- and postovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle, and no radioactivity was demonstrable in the atrophic endometrium of 2 patients. The absence of estrogenic activity seems to prevent the entrance of the hormone into the cells of the mucosal layer of the uterus. This observation provides direct evidence that estrogens must prepare the endometrial cells in order that progesterone can exhibit its progestational effect. Apparently, only minimal amounts of progesterone and/or its metabolites are necessary to exert its biological effects on the endometrium. Preliminary studies on the biosynthesis of estrogens in human pregnancy revealed that cholesterol as well as testosterone can serve as a precursor of estrone. In a patient with choriocarcinoma C 14 -4-progesterone was converted into radioactive estrone. The data which we have presented here complete another milestone in the very long experimental road toward our understanding of the metabolism and biosynthesis of the steroid hormones in mammalian reproduction. It becomes increasingly apparent that our thorough understanding of their role in the normal reproductive process must precede an intelligent approach to the solution of many problems in obstetrics and gynecology.

American Gynecological Society Transactions of the Seventy-ninth Annual Meeting Washington, D.C., May 21–23, 1956Hormones in human reproduction: Part I: Metabolism of progesterone☆☆☆★

In undergoing this life, many people always try to do and get the best. New knowledge, experience, lesson, and everything that can improve the life will be done. However, many people sometimes feel confused to get those things. Feeling the limited of experience and sources to be better is one of the lacks to own. However, there is a very simple thing that can be done. This is what your teacher always manoeuvres you to do this one. Yeah, reading is the answer. Reading a book as this hormones in human reproduction and other references can enrich your life quality. How can it be?Abstract Following the administration of progesterone labeled with carbon 14 at position 21 to a patient with a normal pregnancy about 70 per cent of the administered radioactivity was recovered from the urine, feces, and expired air (22.62 per cent, 29.74 per cent, and 18.56 per cent, respectively). The excretion of radioactive metabolites by the skin was minimal. At present we have not accounted for the remaining 30 per cent of the administered radioactivity, but it seems likely that part of it is stored in the fat compartments of the body for a considerable length of time. There was no relationship between the urinary recovery of radioactivity and the pregnant and nonpregnant state, nor the viability of the fetus. The metabolites in urine and feces consist mainly of conjugated steroids, as pregnanediol, pregnanolone, and other unknown compounds. The elimination of tagged carbon dioxide after the administration of C 14 -21-progesterone indicates an oxidation of the side chain of the progesterone molecule, resulting in the formation of such steroids as androstenedione and related compounds which have androgenic properties. Determinations of radioactivity in the blood plasma following the intravenous and intramuscular administration of the labeled hormone demonstrated a rapid disappearance of the free steroid from the circulation due to (1) a speedy conjugation with glucuronic acid and (2) rapid diffusion into body tissues, mainly into the fat compartment. In contrast to the high concentration of radioactivity in the fat, only moderate amounts of radioactivity were demonstrated in the myometrium and the decidua of pregnant patients. Extremely low concentrations of radioactivity were found in the endometrium of non-pregnant women during the pre- and postovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle, and no radioactivity was demonstrable in the atrophic endometrium of 2 patients. The absence of estrogenic activity seems to prevent the entrance of the hormone into the cells of the mucosal layer of the uterus. This observation provides direct evidence that estrogens must prepare the endometrial cells in order that progesterone can exhibit its progestational effect. Apparently, only minimal amounts of progesterone and/or its metabolites are necessary to exert its biological effects on the endometrium. Preliminary studies on the biosynthesis of estrogens in human pregnancy revealed that cholesterol as well as testosterone can serve as a precursor of estrone. In a patient with choriocarcinoma C 14 -4-progesterone was converted into radioactive estrone. The data which we have presented here complete another milestone in the very long experimental road toward our understanding of the metabolism and biosynthesis of the steroid hormones in mammalian reproduction. It becomes increasingly apparent that our thorough understanding of their role in the normal reproductive process must precede an intelligent approach to the solution of many problems in obstetrics and gynecology.

Distribution of Radioactivity in Human Maternal and Fetal Tissues Following Administration of C14-4-Progesterone.

Summary C14-4-progesterone was administered intramuscularly to pregnant women who were scheduled for therapeutic abortion. Distribution of radioactivity in maternal and fetal tissue removed at various time intervals following injections was determined. The highest concentration of radioactivity was found in the maternal fat. A rough calculation revealed that it contained about 17.7% of the administered radioactivity 12 hours. 33.7% 24 hours, and 19.6% 48 hours after administration of the labelled hormone. These findings indicate that progesterone and or its metabolites diffuse promptly from the blood circulation into the fat compartment of the body. Only moderate amounts of radioactivity were found in the myometrium and the decidua. the 2 principal target organs of progesterone. Low to moderate concentrations of radioactivity were detected in the organs which serve as principal sources of the hormone, the corpus luteum and the placenta. Radioactivity was present in all fetal tissues in relatively small amounts with the exception of the fetal brain, and the testes.SummaryC14-4-progesterone was administered intramuscularly to pregnant women who were scheduled for therapeutic abortion. Distribution of radioactivity in maternal and fetal tissue removed at various time intervals following injections was determined. The highest concentration of radioactivity was found in the maternal fat. A rough calculation revealed that it contained about 17.7% of the administered radioactivity 12 hours. 33.7% 24 hours, and 19.6% 48 hours after administration of the labelled hormone. These findings indicate that progesterone and or its metabolites diffuse promptly from the blood circulation into the fat compartment of the body. Only moderate amounts of radioactivity were found in the myometrium and the decidua. the 2 principal target organs of progesterone. Low to moderate concentrations of radioactivity were detected in the organs which serve as principal sources of the hormone, the corpus luteum and the placenta. Radioactivity was present in all fetal tissues in relatively small amo...

Untersuchungen des Hormonstoffwechsels beim Chorionepitheliom

Die klinische Beurteilung chorionepithelialer Ektopien wird dadurch erschwert, das ihrer histologischen Differenzierung im Hinblick auf invasives Wachstum und Metastasenbildung Grenzen gesetzt sind. Es unterliegt keinem Zweifel, das die Chorionepitheliosen gonadotropes Hormon in grosen Mengen bilden konnen und das regelmasige quantitative Bestimmungen der Gonadotropinausscheidung im Urin fur Therapie und Prognose sehr wertvoll sind.