E. Napoli

Experimental evidence of stable water nanostructures in extremely dilute solutions, at standard pressure and temperature.

This paper presents the results of several experimental methods (FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy (FM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)) evidencing structural changes induced in extremely diluted solutions (EDS), which are prepared by an iterated process of centesimal (1:100) dilution and succussion (shaking). The iteration is repeated until an extremely high dilution is reached, so that the composition of the solution becomes identical to that of the solvent--in this case water--used to prepare it. The experimental observations reveal the presence of supramolecular aggregates hundreds of nanometres in size in EDS at ambient pressure and temperature, and in the solid state. These findings confirm the hypothesis--developed thanks to previous physico-chemical investigations--that formation of water aggregates occurs in EDS. The experimental data can be analyzed and interpreted with reference to the thermodynamics of far-from-equilibrium systems and irreversible processes.

Nanostructures of Water Molecules in Iteratively Filtered Water

This work presents some experimental results on the variation of the physico-chemical properties of pure, twice distilled water, when subject to a procedure of iterative filtrations through Pyrex glass filters (Büchner funnels). The study involves the determination of electrical conductivity. After the filtrations, electrical conductivity increases three times. Part of those increases, about 10-30%, is to be attributed to impurities released by the glass filters. The hypothesis is that the remaining 70-90% of the increases comes from variations in the super-molecular structure of water. The iterative filtration procedure involves a flux of energy and material in an open system. The energy flux is partially dissipated as heat permitting the formation of “dissipative structures”. Water, the main ingredient of living systems, exhibits an extraordinary auto-organization potentiality triggered by several kinds of perturbations, including mechanical ones.

Biological effects and physico-chemical properties of extremely diluted aqueous solutions as a function of aging-time

This study concerns the biological effects and physico-chemical variations of extremely diluted solutions (EDS) as a function of aging-time. The biological efficacy of As2O3 at the 45th decimal dilution/succussion (As 45×) was tested in a wheat germination model. Ten trials were carried out from 0 to 12 months after treatment preparation, using wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum L.) of the Pandas variety. Seeds were pre-treated by poisoning with 0.1% As2O3 solution to reduce germination, to allow a better evaluation of treatment effects. The outcome variable was the number of non-germinated seeds after 96 h. The As 45×treatment aged for less than three months did not show a significant effect on wheat germination, whereas when aged for longer (3–12 months) the effect became significant. Concerning the physico-chemical characteristics, specific conductivity of As 45×aged from 0 to 12 months was measured, using nine samples for each date. The results showed a clear increasing time trend of specific conductivity, more evident when considering the last three measurements, which correspond to more than six months of aging. The physico-chemical behavior of EDS strongly supports the significant biological effects observed in a wheat model.

Calorimetric and conductometric titrations of nanostructures of water molecules in iteratively filtered water

This work continue the study of the physico-chemical properties of samples of pure, twice distilled water, when subject to a procedure of iterative filtrations through Pyrex glass filters (Büchner funnels). After the filtrations, electrical conductivity and heat of mixing with NaOH and HCl solutions increase. The hypothesis is that the iterative filtration procedure, that involves a flux of energy and material in an open system, is able to induce the formation of “dissipative structures” or nanostructures of water molecules (WNS). Water exhibits an extraordinary auto-organization potentiality triggered by several kinds of perturbations, including mechanical ones. We measured the heats of mixing of acid or basic solutions with such iterated filtered waters (IFW) and their electrical conductivity, comparing with the analogous heats of mixing, electrical conductivity of the solvent. We found some relevant exothermic excess heats of mixing and higher conductivity than those of the untreated solvent. The heats of mixing and electrical conductivity of IFW show a good correlation, underlining a single cause for the behavior of the samples.

Self-similarity properties of nafionized and filtered water and deformed coherent states

By resorting to measurements of physically characterizing observables of water samples perturbed by the presence of Nafion and by iterative filtration processes, we discuss their scale free, self-similar fractal properties. By use of algebraic methods, the isomorphism is proved between such self-similarity features and the deformed coherent state formalism.

Oxhydroelectric Effect in Bi-Distilled Water

Oxhydroelectric Effect, that is the extraction of electricity from an aqueous electrolytic solution by twin Platinum (Pt) electrodes, mediated by oxygen molecules, has been detected for the first time in bi-distilled water (electric conductivity of 1.2 microSiemens/cm). A dc power of the order of tenths of microW, lasting for many hours, was measured through a resistor (47 kOhm) connected to twin Pt electrodes immersed into bi-distilled water, after the addition of some pieces of Nafion® in one semi-cell and of a very small amount of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) - as a source of oxygen - in both semi-cells.