E. Siera-de Koning

T cells in Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy Are Skewed to Memory Th-1 Cells in the Presence of a Distinct Th-2 Population

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) in heart transplantation (HTx) patients remains the major complication for long‐term survival, due to concentric neointima hyperplasia induced by infiltrating mononuclear cells (MNC). Previously, we showed that activated memory T‐helper‐1 (Th‐1) cells are the major component of infiltrating MNC in coronary arteries with CAV. In this study, a more detailed characterization of the MNC in human coronary arteries with CAV (n = 5) was performed and compared to coronary arteries without CAV (n = 5), by investigating MNC markers (CD1a, DRC‐1, CD3, CD20, CD27, CD28, CD56, CD68, CD69, FOXP3 and HLA‐DR), cytokines (IL‐1A, 2, 4, 10, 12B, IFN‐γ, and TGF‐β1), and chemokine receptors (CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR7, CCR8, CXCR3 and CX3CR1) by immunohistochemical double‐labeling and quantitative PCR on mRNA isolated from laser microdissected layers of coronary arteries. T cells in the neointima and adventitia of CAV were skewed toward an activated memory Th‐1 phenotype, but in the presence of a distinct Th‐2 population. FOXP3 positive T cells were not detected and production of most cytokines was low or absent, except for IFN‐γ, and TGF‐β. This typical composition of T‐helper cells and especially production of IFN‐γ and TGF‐β may play an important role in the proliferative CAV reaction.

Donor-Specific Antibodies Are Produced Locally in Ectopic Lymphoid Structures in Cardiac Allografts

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a transplant pathology, limiting graft survival after heart transplantation. CAV arteries are surrounded by ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS) containing B cells and plasma cells. The aim of this study was to characterize the antigenic targets of antibodies produced in ELS. Coronary arteries and surrounding epicardial tissue from 56 transplant recipients were collected during autopsy. Immunofluorescence was used to identify antibody‐producing plasma cells. Immunoglobulin levels in tissue lysates were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and analyzed for donor‐specific HLA antibodies by Luminex assay. Cytokine and receptor expression levels were quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Plasma cells in ELS were polyclonal and produced IgG and/or IgM antibodies. In epicardial tissue, IgG (p < 0.05) and IgM levels were higher in transplant patients with larger ELS than smaller ELS. In 4 of 21 (19%) patients with ELS, donor‐specific HLA type II antibodies were detected locally. Cytokine and receptor expression (CXCR3, interferon γ and TGF‐β) was higher in large ELS in the epicardial tissue than in other vessel wall layers, suggesting active recruitment and proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. ELS exhibited active plasma cells producing locally manufactured antibodies that, in some cases, were directed against the donor HLA, potentially mediating rejection with major consequences for the graft.