Earl E. Shepard

The American board of orthodontics— theand now

Abstract A historic treatise on the originators of the Board, their activities, and the operations and activities of the organization is presented.

Round-table discussion: Systems versus basic principles in orthodontics

WILLIAM L. WILSON, D.M.D. (MODERATOR) Boston, Mass. DISCUSSORS: FRANE P. BOWYER, D.D.S., ENOXVILLE, TENN. Director, Ameriw Board of Orthodontics ALTON W. MOORE, D.D.S., SEATTLE, WASH. Professor and Chairman, Department of orthodontics, University of Washington; Director-, American. Board of Orthodontics EARL E. SHEPARD, D.D.S., ST. LOUIS, MO. Professor and Chairman, Dlepartment of Orthodontics, Washington University Sohool of Dentistry; Secretary-Treasurer, American Association of Orthodontists JOHN R. THOMPSON, D.D.S., CHICAGO, ILL. Professor of Orthodontics, Northwestern lJniversity Dental School PAUL V. REID, D.D.S., PHILADELPHIS, PA. Clinkal Professor aind Chairman of Department of Orthod80ntics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Director, American Board of Orthodontim

The habilitation of the congenital cleft palate patient

Abstract 1.1. Preparation of congenital cleft palate patients for normal life is a challenge to the efforts of modern medical science. 2.2. The causative factors leading to cleft lips and palates are recognized as defects in intrauterine development of the embryo during the second month of fetal life. 3.3. The etiological factors as to how clefts occur are far better understood than the reasons why they occur. One school of thought holds that a gene defect is responsible, thereby indicating inheritance. Valuable experimentation has proved that clefts may be produced by environmental situations, such as lack of oxygen or subjection of the mother to such drugs as cortisone. 4.4. The occurrence of clefts is recognized as approximately one in 700 live births. In extremely large samples of population it has been found that 70.83 per cent of all clefts occur in males and 29.17 per cent in females. I have found that far more than twice as many clefts occur on the left side as on the right. It has been authoritatively stated that 16 per cent of all cases presented bilateral clefts. In my sampling, 47.3 per cent were bilateral in the palate and 30.5 per cent were bilateral in the lip. 5.5. The total habilitation of the patient with cleft lip and cleft palate has been found to be best achieved through the combined efforts of pediatrician, surgeon, psychologist, otolaryngologist, restorative dentist, orthodontist, prosthetic dentist, and speech pathologist. 6.6. In addition to obvious cosmetic improvement, the speech intelligibility of a patient benefiting from integrated habilitation was found to increase as much as 13.2 per cent, with an average increase for the sample of 7.13 per cent.

The anatomy of an organization

IN REVIEWING or examining the anatomy of the American Association oi Orthodontists, we must begin with a basic structural analysis of the organizat,ion. Since the change in name from the American Societ.y of Orthodontists in 1937, our Association has been built from its tight constituent so&tics: 1. The Northeastern Society of Orthodontist,s 2. The Great Lakes Society of Orthodontists 3. The Southern Society of Orthodontists 4. The Southwestern Society of Orthodontists 5. The Rocky Mountain Society of Orthodontists 6. The Pacific Coast Society of Orthodontists 7. The Midwestern Society of Orthodontists (until 1961 known iIs t.he Central Section of the American Association of Orthodontists) 8. The Middle Atlantic Society of Orthodontists. The Pacific Coast Society, by reason of its geographic unwieldiness, is divided into three components-Southern, Central, and Northern. The Northeastern Society embraces the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Pork and the Canadian provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island. No\a Scotia, and Newfoundland. The Great Lakes Society includes Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Pcnnsylwn ia west of t,he Alleghenies, and the Province of Ontario in (‘anada. The Southern Society embraces the states of Virginia, West Virginia, Xorth Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Trnncssee, Kentucky, Xssissippi, and Louisiana east of the Mississippi Rivtr. The Southwestern Society takes in the states of Kansas, Oklaboma~ Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana west of the Mississippi River. The Rocky Mountain Society includes the states of Wytmiing, TJtah, &lorado, a,nd New Mexico.