Edgar C. Polomé

Rural versus urban multilingualism in Tanzania: an outline

If multilingualism is defined as a persons competence and performance in a number of languages in multiple social settings, it is necessary to determine which language or languages are actually used in each specific context and what degree of proficiency the user demonstrates in any particular context. A distinction also needs to be made between the various language skills: understanding, speaking, reading, and writing. In the case of oral performance, the competence of the person under consideration may be measured on the basis of his or her ability to understand and respond in the following situations:

Index of languages, dialects, and language groups

Aboriginal English 40 Adjnjamathanha, WBb2 phonology 593–4, 610, 643 pronouns 70, 283, 310–11, 350, 373, 517–19 syntax 523 Aghu-Tharrnggala, De2 6, 609 Agwamin, Jb2 601, 635 Ainu* 241 Alawa, NBm noun classes 509, 512 nouns 159 phonology 568, 572, 583, 614, 636, 658 pronouns 248, 255, 398 verbs 179, 191, 405, 418–20, 432, 446 Algonquian family* 443 Aljawarra, WL1 145–7 Amurdag, NKb 510, 668 nouns 472 pronouns 339, 350, 357, 397–9, 519 verbs 212, 406, 420, 432–4 Andjingith, Ba10 608 Angkamuthi, Ba2 569 Anguthimri, Ba6 141–4, 159, 321–2, 535, 569 Aninhdhilyagwa, NBd3 noun classes 460, 475–6, 481, 487, 492–3 nouns 165, 460 phonology 550, 612, 628, 634–6, 644–5, 656–8 pronouns 248, 259, 370, 398–400 verbs 197, 410, 422–3, 428, 435–6, 442, 446 Anmatjirra, WL1 634, 652 Arabana-Wangkangurru, WAa3 56 adverbs 181 negation 84 nouns 135–6, 141, 153–4 phonology 561–4, 571, 579, 593–7, 602, 618, 626–8, 643 pronouns 283, 289–91, 335, 382 verbs 197 Aranda, see Arrernte Arandic areal group, WL 12, 670–2, 684 phonology 591–3, 597, 601–2, 633–4, 651–4 pronouns 283, 396 verbs 199 Arawak family* 36 Aritinngithigh, Ba8 576, 598, 629 Arrernte, WL1 18, 99, 670–2 classifiers 455–9 phonology 548–51, 568, 574, 582, 628, 634 pronouns 289, 295–6, 396, 402 switch-reference 89–90 verbs 82–3, 179, 242, 322 Atampaya, Ba2 156–7 Athapaskan family* 443 Austronesian family* xx, 11, 24 Awabagal, Na1 83, 155, 280, 351, 356–7, 395, 461 Awngthim, Ba6 591, 598, 601