Edgardo G. Baldo

Early evolution of the Proto-Andean margin of South America

From a detailed study of a 500 km transect in the Sierras Pampeanas, central-west Argentina, two pre-Silurian tectono-magmatic episodes are recognized and defined, each culminating in micro-continental collisions against the proto-Andean margin of Gondwana. The Pampean orogeny started in Early Cambrian time with short-lived subduction, indicated by ca. 535 Ma calc-alkaline granitoids. Following Pampean terrane collision, burial to granulite facies conditions (ca. 9 kbar) generated widespread migmatites and ca. 520 Ma highly peraluminous granites in the Eastern Sierras Pampeanas. After brief quiescence, a second major episode, the Famatinian orogeny, started with subduction ca. 490 Ma, forming a wide continental arc and ensialic backarc basin. This heralded the approach of Laurentia to Gondwana, during which the Precordillera terrane separated from the southern Appalachian region, finally colliding with Gondwana in Silurian–Devonian time.

Involvement of the Argentine Precordillera terrane in the Famatinian mobile belt: U-Pb SHRIMP and metamorphic evidence from the Sierra de Pie de Palo

New data suggest that the eastern margin of the Argentine Precordillera terrane comprises Grenvillian basement and a sedimentary cover derived from it that were together affected by Middle Ordovician deformation and metamorphism during accretion to the Gondwana margin. The basement first underwent low pressure/temperature ( P/T ) type metamorphism, reaching high-grade migmatitic conditions in places (686 ± 40 MPa, 790 ± 17 °C), comparable to the Grenvillian M2 metamorphism of the supposed Laurentian counterpart of the terrane. The second metamorphism, recognized in the cover sequence, is of Famatinian age and took place under higher P/T conditions, following a clockwise P-T path (baric peak: 1300 ± 100 Mpa, 600 ± 50 °C). Low-U zircon overgrew detrital Grenvillian cores as pressure fell from its peak, and yields U-Pb SHRIMP ages of ca. 460 Ma. This is interpreted as the age of ductile thrusting coincident with early uplift; initial accretion to Gondwana must have occurred before this. The absence of late Neoproterozoic detrital zircons is consistent with a Laurentian origin of the Argentine Precordillera terrane.

New SHRIMP U-Pb data from the Famatina Complex: constraining Early-Mid Ordovician Famatinian magmatism in the Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina

New SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages are reported for igneous and sedimentary rocks of the Famatina Complex, constraining the age of the magmatism and the ensialic basins. Together with whole-rock and isotope geochemistry for the igneous rocks from the complex, these ages indicate that the voluminous parental magmas of metaluminous composition were derived by partial melting of an older lithosphere without significant asthenospheric contribution. This magmatism was initiated in the Early Ordovician (481 Ma). During the Mid-Late Ordovician, the magmatism ceased (463 Ma), resulting in a short-lived (no more than ~20 Ma) and relatively narrow (~100-150 km) magmatic belt, in contrast to the long-lived cordilleran magmatism of the Andes. The exhumation rate of the Famatina Complex was considerably high and the erosional stripping and deposition of Ordovician sediments occurred soon after of the emplacement of the igneous source rocks during the Early to mid-Ordovician. During the upper Mid Ordovician the clastic contribution was mainly derived from plutonic rocks. Magmatism was completely extinguished in the Mid Ordovician and the sedimentary basins closed in the early Late Ordovician.

K-bentonites in the Argentine Precordillera contemporaneous with rhyolite volcanism in the Famatinian Arc

New U–Pb radiometric dates for K-bentonite horizons within the Lower Cambrian to Middle Ordovician platform carbonates from the Precordillera terrane of NW Argentina provide further constraints on models for the allochthonous or parautochthonous accretion of this terrane. Two K-bentonite layers from the Talacasto section yield indistinguishable sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U–Pb zircon dates of 469.5 ± 3.2 Ma and 470.1 ± 3.3 Ma respectively. These are within uncertainty of the U–Pb SHRIMP zircon date of 468.3 ± 3.4 Ma for a porphyritic rhyolite from the Famatinian magmatic arc, Sierra de las Planchadas, near Rio Chaschuil. Geochemical and isotope data also demonstrate the similarity of the K-bentonite and Chaschuil rhyolite parent magmas. Thus, it is highly probable that the Famatinian arc volcanoes provided the ash for the K-bentonite horizons, suggesting proximity to the Precordillera terrane during the deposition of the Lower Cambrian to Middle Ordovician platform carbonates. This implication supports a mid-Ordovician collision model, but could also be compatible with a parautochthonous model for docking of the Precordillera terrane, by movement along the Pacific margin of Gondwana, rather than across the Iapetus Ocean.

Las Orogénesis del Paleozoico Inferior en el margen protoandino de América del Sur, Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina.

El margen proto-andino de Gondwana ha sido el escenario de al menos dos orogenesis desde el desmembramiento del supercontinente Rodinia al final del Neoprotrozoico, hasta el reagrupamiento de las masas continentales en Pangea al final del Carbonifero. Ambas orogenesis van precedidas de un periodo de apertura oceanica y sedimentacion en margenes pasivos y culminan en subduccion oceanica con desarrollo de arcos-magmaticos de tipo cordillerano y colision de tipo continente-continente. La primera, orogenesis Pampeana, tiene lugar en el Cambrico, en un intervalo de tiempo relativamente pequeno (535-520 Ma: etapas de subduccion-arco magmatico y colision), y culmina con la acrecion ortogonal de un pequeno terreno continental (terreno Pampeano) de naturaleza semiautoctona. Por el contrario, la orogenesis Famatiniana, tiene lugar en un periodo de tiempo mas dilatado, durante el Ordovicico y Silurico (499-435 Ma). Durante esta orogenesis tuvo lugar la acrecion de un terreno exotico a Gondwana, el terreno Precordillera (460 Ma). Este terreno esta constituido por un basamento grenvilliano (aprox. 1.1Ga) y una cubierta sedimentaria de plataforma carbonatada de edad Cambrico-Ordovicico. La acrecion al margen de Gondwana fue probablemente oblicua, y el margen oriental del terreno Precordillera fue afectado por fuerte deformacion y metamorfismo regional. El basamento de los cinturones andinos del Paleozoico Superior y Mesozoico situados al oeste de la Precordillera, parece estar constituido tambien por rocas metamorficas grenvillianas; con lo cual, gran parte de los Andes centrales entre los 26oS y 34oS se encuentra asentado sobre terrenos aloctonos. En cualquier caso, la paleogeografia de las masas continentales involucradas en la colision de los terrenos exoticos durante el Paleozoico Inferior no se conoce bien todavia.

Sr, C and O isotope composition of marbles from the Sierra de de Ancasti, Eastern Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina: age and constraints for the Neoproterozoic–Lower Paleozoic evolution of the proto-Gondwana margin

The Sierra Brava Complex on the eastern flank of the Sierra de Ancasti consists of marbles, metabasites, calc-silicate rocks, psammo-pelitic schists and gneisses. In the central part of this sierra a thick succession of banded schists (Ancasti Formation) crops out. Regional metamorphism of these rocks is attributed to the Famatinian orogeny (Ordovician), metamorphic grade increasing westwards and southwards and culminating in a migmatite complex on the western side of the Sierra. The meta-carbonate rocks are subdivided into a northeastern group (low-grade calcite marbles), and a southeastern group (high-grade calcite and calcite-dolomite marbles). Twenty-three marble samples were analysed for Sr isotope composition and Rb, Mn, Mg and Ca contents, and six for C and O isotope composition. An Ediacaran depositional age of 570 –590Ma is inferred by reference to the trend of 87Sr/86Sr in Neoproterozoic seawater. Thus the metacarbonates are probably slightly older than the Ancasti Formation (equivalent to the Puncoviscana Formation of northern Argentina), which has a maximum sedimentation age of ca. 570Ma. Ediacaran depositional ages have also been reported for metacarbonates elsewhere in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. We propose that the Sierra de Ancasti carbonates on one hand, and those in the Western Sierras Pampeanas (Difunta Correa Sequence) and –tentativelythe Corumba Group of Brazil on the other, represent platforms on opposite margins of the extinct Clymene Ocean, whereas Neoproterozoic carbonate successions such as the Loma Negra Formation (Tandilia, southern Argentina) and the Arroyo del Soldado Group (Uruguay) were deposited on the eastern side (present coordinates) of the Rio de la Plata craton, which at the time occupied a position farther to the north.

Mafic rocks of the Ordovician Famatinian magmatic arc (NW Argentina): New insights into the mantle contribution

We studied the petrogenesis of mafic igneous rocks in the Famatinian arc in the western Sierra Famatina (NW Argentina), an Early Ordovician middle-crustal section in the proto-Andean margin of Gondwana. Mafic rock types consist of amphibolite, metagabbro, and gabbro, as well as pod- and dike-like bodies of gabbro to diorite composition. Field relations together with geochemical and isotopic data for the mafic rocks of the western Sierra de Famatina (at 29°S) define two contrasting suites, which can be correlated with similar assemblages noted in other parts of the orogen. Amphibolite, metagabbro, and gabbro bodies are mostly the oldest intrusive rocks (older than 480 Ma), with the host tonalite and post-tonalite mafic dikes being slightly younger. The older mafic suite is tholeiitic to calc-alkaline and isotopically evolved, except for most of the amphibolite samples. The younger suite is calc-alkaline, typically displaying subduction-related geochemical signatures, and it is isotopically more juvenile. Whole-rock chemical composition and isotopic analyses are compatible with a progressive mixing of different isotopic reservoirs. Pyroxenite (±garnet) was likely the dominant source of the older gabbroic magmas, whereas peridotite dominated in the source of the younger suite, implying that the mafic magma experienced a progressive shift toward more juvenile compositions though time (over 20 m.y.). Pyroxenite-derived melts could have been generated by lithospheric foundering followed by upwelling of primitive melts by adiabatic decompression of mantle wedge peridotite.

Asbestiform Amphiboles in a Marble Quarry: A Case Study from the Province of Córdoba (Argentina)

Pure and impure marbles in Argentina have been exploited for hundreds of years for different purposes. Marble processing is varies depending on its use and could include chemical treatments, burning, crushing, milling and polishing. More impure marbles are crushed and used for construction, or discarded in spoil heaps in quarries. There are numerous studies related to the physical and mechanical properties of marbles from the province of Cordoba; however, there are no records about the potential presence of asbestos that could be liberated during processing procedures or degraded by natural agents in spoil heaps. Fibrous samples from a metasomatic zone in an abandoned marble quarry in the Altautina area (Cordoba, Argentina) were studied through polarized light microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalyses. Asbestiform (tremolite) and non-asbestiform amphiboles (tremolite and magnesio-hornblende) were identified as the main phases. Asbestiform amphiboles were concentrated and studied through a stirring degradation test to evaluate morphological and size changes in the fibres by simulating natural water degradation. This process was monitored by stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. During the test, fibres underwent length (L) and width (W) reduction, maintaining or increasing the initial L/W ratio. Although the action of natural agents can differ from data obtained in laboratory tests, results indicate that the asbestiform fibre size decreases reaching values that can be harmful to human health.