Ediclei Lima do Carmo

Plasmodium falciparum from Pará state (Brazil) shows satisfactory in vitro response to artemisinin derivatives and absence of the S769N mutation in the SERCA-type PfATPase6

Objective  To evaluate the in vitro efficacy of artesunate (ATN) and artemether (ATH) against Plasmodium falciparum isolates from the Brazilian Amazon state of Pará and to search for mutations and/or altered copy numbers in the putative resistance‐associated pfcrt, pfmdr1 and pfATPase6 genes.

Incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis in the city of Belém, state of Pará, northern Brazil, determined by a neonatal screening program: preliminary results

INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to determinate the incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis among a group of newborns (NBs) from Belém using neonatal screening. METHODS Among the 6,000 newborns referred for investigation of genetic and metabolic diseases, 1,000 were selected for screening for congenital toxoplasmosis by determining the amount of IgM in the eluates of blood collected on filter paper. Positive tests were confirmed using paired serology of the NB and his mother. RESULTS Out of the 1,000 NBs assessed, one had a positive screening result that was confirmed by paired serology. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis in Belém was 10/10,000 live NBs.

Pesquisa de anticorpos anti Toxoplasma gondii em fluidos intra-oculares (humor vítreo e humor aquoso) de pacientes com toxoplasmose ocular, na cidade de Belém, PA

Tests were performed for antibodies IgG, IgM and IgA anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in serum and intraocular fluids (Aqueous and vitreous humor) from patients with ocular toxoplasmosis. By the results obtained, it was verified that intraocular IgG and IgA anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies can be important markers for the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis.

Surto de toxoplasmose humana no Distrito de Monte Dourado, Município de Almeirim, Pará, Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To report an outbreak of human toxoplasmosis that occurred in the District of Monte Dourado, Municipality of Almeirim, Pará State, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After the positive diagnosis of five patients with symptoms suggestive of toxoplasmosis, clinical research and epidemiology were executed in the locality. A total of 186 individuals were evaluated, including symptomatic patients, their relatives and/or close contacts. All subjects underwent epidemiological inquiry, clinical assessment and serology by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM. RESULTS: A total of 40 individuals presented a serological profile of acute toxoplasmosis. Epidemiological analysis indicated that the cases could be related to infection with oocysts eliminated by cats, whose population density was very high in the surveyed locality. The most likely hypothesis of transmission would be through direct contact with oocysts of the parasite, either by the ingestion of contaminated food or by the inhalation of these forms in the soil. The possibility of water transmission through the local supply system was discarded because the system is inaccessible to cats. Infected individuals were treated at the local health care units. Moreover, local health authorities were instructed to implement measures to control stray cats in order to prevent new cases or outbreaks. CONCLUSION: The outbreak that occurred between February and March 2004 in Monte Dourado was caused by T. gondii. The hypothesis of contamination via oocysts of the parasite is supported by several factors, such as a high population density of cats in the surveyed District, frequent gardening habits and a lack of reports of ingestion of raw or undercooked meat.OBJECTIVE: To report an outbreak of human toxoplasmosis that occurred in the District of Monte Dourado, Municipality of Almeirim, Para State, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After the positive diagnosis of five patients with symptoms suggestive of toxoplasmosis, clinical research and epidemiology were executed in the locality. A total of 186 individuals were evaluated, including symptomatic patients, their relatives and/or close contacts. All subjects underwent epidemiological inquiry, clinical assessment and serology by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM. RESULTS: A total of 40 individuals presented a serological profile of acute toxoplasmosis. Epidemiological analysis indicated that the cases could be related to infection with oocysts eliminated by cats, whose population density was very high in the surveyed locality. The most likely hypothesis of transmission would be through direct contact with oocysts of the parasite, either by the ingestion of contaminated food or by the inhalation of these forms in the soil. The possibility of water transmission through the local supply system was discarded because the system is inaccessible to cats. Infected individuals were treated at the local health care units. Moreover, local health authorities were instructed to implement measures to control stray cats in order to prevent new cases or outbreaks. CONCLUSION: The outbreak that occurred between February and March 2004 in Monte Dourado was caused by T. gondii. The hypothesis of contamination via oocysts of the parasite is supported by several factors, such as a high population density of cats in the surveyed District, frequent gardening habits and a lack of reports of ingestion of raw or undercooked meat.

Comparison of two DNA obtainment methods as alternative protocols for the detection of human malaria parasites by nested PCR

The correct and precise laboratory diagnosis of human malaria is still a challenge because the reference method, the Giemsa-stained thick blood smear (TS), has limitations that present problems for malaria control. Because of these problems, several studies have attempted to develop alternative methods for malaria diagnosis. Many of these studies focus on molecular diagnosis methods and have led to the development of some alternatives to TS. However, their limitations include high cost, protocol complexity and variable quality of DNA sources and reagents. Nested PCR has been shown to be a good method in this respect and it can be improved by using a high-quality source of DNA. In this study we evaluated two methods for the obtainment of DNA from dried blood samples on filter paper: 1) washing and 2) saponin/chelex-100. The second method showed higher sensitivity and specificity compared to the first, as it detected more infections, whether single or mixed, as well as Plasmodium malariae infections. Based on these results, we present this method as the protocol of choice for DNA obtainment. Nested PCR using saponin/chelex-100 for DNA extraction could be an alternative or complementary diagnosis method for human malaria parasites, but it is not appropriate for routine use.

Outbreak of human toxoplasmosis in the District of Monte Dourado, Municipality of Almeirim, Pará State, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To report an outbreak of human toxoplasmosis that occurred in the District of Monte Dourado, Municipality of Almeirim, Pará State, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After the positive diagnosis of five patients with symptoms suggestive of toxoplasmosis, clinical research and epidemiology were executed in the locality. A total of 186 individuals were evaluated, including symptomatic patients, their relatives and/or close contacts. All subjects underwent epidemiological inquiry, clinical assessment and serology by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM. RESULTS: A total of 40 individuals presented a serological profile of acute toxoplasmosis. Epidemiological analysis indicated that the cases could be related to infection with oocysts eliminated by cats, whose population density was very high in the surveyed locality. The most likely hypothesis of transmission would be through direct contact with oocysts of the parasite, either by the ingestion of contaminated food or by the inhalation of these forms in the soil. The possibility of water transmission through the local supply system was discarded because the system is inaccessible to cats. Infected individuals were treated at the local health care units. Moreover, local health authorities were instructed to implement measures to control stray cats in order to prevent new cases or outbreaks. CONCLUSION: The outbreak that occurred between February and March 2004 in Monte Dourado was caused by T. gondii. The hypothesis of contamination via oocysts of the parasite is supported by several factors, such as a high population density of cats in the surveyed District, frequent gardening habits and a lack of reports of ingestion of raw or undercooked meat.OBJECTIVE: To report an outbreak of human toxoplasmosis that occurred in the District of Monte Dourado, Municipality of Almeirim, Para State, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After the positive diagnosis of five patients with symptoms suggestive of toxoplasmosis, clinical research and epidemiology were executed in the locality. A total of 186 individuals were evaluated, including symptomatic patients, their relatives and/or close contacts. All subjects underwent epidemiological inquiry, clinical assessment and serology by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM. RESULTS: A total of 40 individuals presented a serological profile of acute toxoplasmosis. Epidemiological analysis indicated that the cases could be related to infection with oocysts eliminated by cats, whose population density was very high in the surveyed locality. The most likely hypothesis of transmission would be through direct contact with oocysts of the parasite, either by the ingestion of contaminated food or by the inhalation of these forms in the soil. The possibility of water transmission through the local supply system was discarded because the system is inaccessible to cats. Infected individuals were treated at the local health care units. Moreover, local health authorities were instructed to implement measures to control stray cats in order to prevent new cases or outbreaks. CONCLUSION: The outbreak that occurred between February and March 2004 in Monte Dourado was caused by T. gondii. The hypothesis of contamination via oocysts of the parasite is supported by several factors, such as a high population density of cats in the surveyed District, frequent gardening habits and a lack of reports of ingestion of raw or undercooked meat.

Nested PCR using thick blood smears as source of Plasmodium DNA: an alternative to study archival blood films

The study aimed to evaluate a protocol of nested PCR using archival Giemsa-stained thick blood smears (GTS)as source of Plasmodium DNA. A total of 138 GTS from patients of five municipalities from Pará State (Amazon Region, Brazil) was included in this survey. These samples were classified in three groups (group 1: 85 Plasmodium positive and negative GTS stored in plastic box during five years; group 2: 28 Plasmodium positive and negative GTS stored in wooden box during 10 years; and group 3: 25 Trypanosoma cruzi GTS negative for Plasmodium stored in plastic box during a month) and were submitted to DNA extraction with Chelex-100. Subsequently, extracted DNA samples were quantified and the integrity was verified by electrophoresis. Nested PCR protocol was performed to detect Plasmodium species. The results of nested PCR were compared to microscopy and statistic parameters were calculated by screening test. DNA samples from all groups had acceptable quantity and purity level, but the evaluation of integrity showed 19 degraded samples from group 2. By nested PCR, this group showed very low sensitivity (29.63%) and accuracy (32.14%), while nested PCR for samples from group 1 showed 100% of sensitivity and 97.65% of accuracy. The results of this research showed that samples stored until five years can be useful as Plasmodium DNA source for nested PCR to identify Plasmodium species, being an important alternative to support retrospective studies.

Brote de toxoplasmosis humana en la Comarca de Monte Dourado, en el Municipio de Almeirim (Estado de Pará, Brasil)

OBJECTIVE: To report an outbreak of human toxoplasmosis that occurred in the District of Monte Dourado, Municipality of Almeirim, Pará State, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After the positive diagnosis of five patients with symptoms suggestive of toxoplasmosis, clinical research and epidemiology were executed in the locality. A total of 186 individuals were evaluated, including symptomatic patients, their relatives and/or close contacts. All subjects underwent epidemiological inquiry, clinical assessment and serology by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM. RESULTS: A total of 40 individuals presented a serological profile of acute toxoplasmosis. Epidemiological analysis indicated that the cases could be related to infection with oocysts eliminated by cats, whose population density was very high in the surveyed locality. The most likely hypothesis of transmission would be through direct contact with oocysts of the parasite, either by the ingestion of contaminated food or by the inhalation of these forms in the soil. The possibility of water transmission through the local supply system was discarded because the system is inaccessible to cats. Infected individuals were treated at the local health care units. Moreover, local health authorities were instructed to implement measures to control stray cats in order to prevent new cases or outbreaks. CONCLUSION: The outbreak that occurred between February and March 2004 in Monte Dourado was caused by T. gondii. The hypothesis of contamination via oocysts of the parasite is supported by several factors, such as a high population density of cats in the surveyed District, frequent gardening habits and a lack of reports of ingestion of raw or undercooked meat.OBJECTIVE: To report an outbreak of human toxoplasmosis that occurred in the District of Monte Dourado, Municipality of Almeirim, Para State, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After the positive diagnosis of five patients with symptoms suggestive of toxoplasmosis, clinical research and epidemiology were executed in the locality. A total of 186 individuals were evaluated, including symptomatic patients, their relatives and/or close contacts. All subjects underwent epidemiological inquiry, clinical assessment and serology by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM. RESULTS: A total of 40 individuals presented a serological profile of acute toxoplasmosis. Epidemiological analysis indicated that the cases could be related to infection with oocysts eliminated by cats, whose population density was very high in the surveyed locality. The most likely hypothesis of transmission would be through direct contact with oocysts of the parasite, either by the ingestion of contaminated food or by the inhalation of these forms in the soil. The possibility of water transmission through the local supply system was discarded because the system is inaccessible to cats. Infected individuals were treated at the local health care units. Moreover, local health authorities were instructed to implement measures to control stray cats in order to prevent new cases or outbreaks. CONCLUSION: The outbreak that occurred between February and March 2004 in Monte Dourado was caused by T. gondii. The hypothesis of contamination via oocysts of the parasite is supported by several factors, such as a high population density of cats in the surveyed District, frequent gardening habits and a lack of reports of ingestion of raw or undercooked meat.