Edna Ivani Bertoncini

Composting sewage sludge with green waste from tree pruning

Sewage sludge (SS) has been widely used as organic fertilizer. However, its continuous use can cause imbalances in soil fertility as well as soil-water-plant system contamination. The study aimed to evaluate possible improvements in the chemical and microbiological characteristics of domestic SS, with low heavy metal contents and pathogens, through the composting process. Two composting piles were set up, based on an initial C/N ratio of 30:1, with successive layers of tree pruning waste and SS. The aeration of piles was performed by mechanical turnover when the temperature rose above 65 oC. The piles were irrigated when the water content was less than 50 %. Composting was conducted for 120 days. Temperature, moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), carbon and nitrogen contents, and fecal coliforms were monitored during the composting. A reduction of 58 % in the EC of the compost (SSC) compared with SS was observed and the pH reduced from 7.8 to 6.6. There was an increase in the value of cation exchange capacity/carbon content (CEC/C) and carbon content. Total nitrogen remained constant and N-NO3- + N-NH4+ were immobilised in organic forms. The C/N ratio decreased from 25:1 to 12:1. Temperatures above 55 oC were observed for 20 days. After 60 days of composting, fecal coliforms were reduced from 107 Most Probable Number per gram of total solids (MPN g−1) to 104 MPN g−1. I one pile the 103 MPN g−1 reached after 90 days in one pile; in another, there was recontamination from 105 to 106 MPN g−1. In SSC, helminth eggs were eliminated, making application sustainable for agriculture purposes.

Aplicação do método de mineralização de nitrogênio com lixiviação para solo tratado com lodo de esgoto e composto orgânico

The determination of the nitrogen (N) mineralization rate in waste-treated soils is important to calculate the residue rates to be applied, supplying plants with mineral N to at the appropriate time, without leaching losses. Most studies on residue-treated soils use the technique without leaching of mineral forms and the volumetric determination method. The repeatability of the test is however poor and the sensitivity of the determination method low, especially in soils amended with sewage sludge and organic compost. In this study we adopted the not very well-known leaching method, with determination of N-mineral forms by spectrophotometer methods. In columns filled with soil taken from a depth of 0.20 m of an alic, loamy soil Hapludox, the following residues doses (Mg ha-1 - wet basis) were incorporated: Sewage sludge - L 1 = 3.6; L2 = 7.2; L3 = 14.4; and Organic compost (sewage sludge + tree cuttings) - C1 = 7.2, C2 = 14.4, C3 = 28.8. Columns were incubated and periodically leached with a 0.01 mol-1 L KCl solution, and the N-mineral forms were determined colorimetrically. High mineralization rates at lower sludge and compost rates were observed, indicating a priming effect, which is undesirable in soil management under tropical conditions. Lower N-mineralization rates were observed at L2 and C2, close to those suggested by the Brazilian legislation that regulates sewage sludge application to agricultural soils, but falling short of the N requirement, while higher mineralization rates were observed at the lower and higher doses, suggesting that the current legislation should be reviewed. Generally, the N mineralization rates were higher for organic compost than for sewage sludge, while the degradation speed was lower for the organic compost, indicating a greater distribution of the available N forms over time. The mineralization leaching method with determination of mineral-N forms by colorimetry proved to be fast and efficient, and more studies should test different soils and organic wastes for validation for routine use.

Decomposition of the organic matter of natural and concentrated vinasse in sandy and clayey soils

Vinasse has been used as fertilizer by sugarcane growers, due to its potential to completely replace mineral fertilizers. However, if the application is not adequate, this practice may cause environmental contamination. This study used a respirometry test to evaluate the organic matter (OM) decomposition present in natural vinasse and concentrated vinasse (CV), with or without urea addition. The experiment involved two soil types and two types of vinasse at different application rates. The vinasse chemical characterization showed high levels of pseudo-total potassium (K) in both vinasses, which are not considered in the application rates. Decomposition rates above 90% and between 70 and 80% were obtained for sandy and clayey soils, respectively, over a brief 41-day period, indicating rapid OM decomposition. Positive priming effect was observed for CV and CV + urea treatments in sandy soil. An important implication of these findings revealed that K not available in vinasse was released in the soil solution by the OM mineralization, indicating the possibility of overestimation in the vinasse application rates. Therefore, K pseudo-total values should be considered in the calculation of the vinasse application rates. However, studies involving K mobility into soil are needed to validate this hypothesis.