Ednaldo da Silva Araújo

Propriedades físicas do solo em área sob milho em monocultivo ou consorciado com leguminosas de verão

The use of cover crops is a practice that can improve the physical quality of soils. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of intercropping of summer legumes with maize to improve soil physical properties. The study was conducted in the field from September 2008 to September 2009, in an Ultisol in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of the consortia: maize + cowpea, maize + dwarf pigeonpea, maize + velvet bean, monoculture maize, and a fallow area as control. Samples were collected from the soil layers 0-5 and 5-10 cm three times per plot (at the beginning of the experiment, 30 days after leaving the residues of each crop on the soil surface, and one year after the beginning of the experiment). We measured the following properties: soil bulk density, porosity, macro- and microporosity, and aggregate stability. All crops decreased bulk density and increased macroporosity and total porosity in the 0-5 cm soil, compared to the fallow area. The consortium of maize and pigeonpea increased the mean weighted diameter of aggregates in the 0-5 cm layer, compared to the fallow treatment, but this effect was temporary, and had disappeared by the last measurement. The intercropping of maize and dwarf pigeonpea was the most promising for improvements in the soil structure.

Desempenho agronômico de mucuna‑verde em diferentes arranjos espaciais

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different plant spatial arrangements on agronomic performance of velvet-bean (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis). The experiment was performed with eight treatments, distributed in a randomized complete block design in a 2x4 factorial arrangement, with four replicates. The treatments were velvet bean sowing at two spacings between furrows (0.5 and 1.0 m) and four plant densities (2, 4, 8 and 16 plants m-1). Determinations were made for the soil covering and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) rates, and for the dry matter yield and N accumulation in the plant shoots. Total soil cover was accomplished at 50 days after sowing at 16 plants m-1 density and 0.5 m spacing between furrows. The combination of 16 plants m-1 density with the 1.0 m spacing between furrows provided the greatest dry matter yield and accumulated most N in the plant shoots. Irrespective of the plant spatial arrangement, the estimation of BNF in this species shows that about 70% N present in the shoot is derived from the atmosphere.

Recuperação no sistema solo-planta de nitrogênio derivado da adubação verde aplicada à cultura do repolho

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a eficiencia de recuperacao, no sistema solo-planta, do nitrogenio derivado da adubacao verde aplicada a cultura de repolho (Brassica oleracea). O experimento foi dividido em duas etapas: a primeira consistiu da producao de palhada de feijao-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis), mucuna-cinza (Mucuna cinereum), e sorgo (Sorghum bicolor), em substrato enriquecido com 15N. A segunda etapa consistiu da aplicacao das palhadas marcadas com 15N, em cobertura nos canteiros com repolho. Os tratamentos consistiram de: palha fresca de feijao-de-porco; palha fresca de mucuna-cinza; palha fresca de sorgo; mistura das palhas de mucuna, feijao-de-porco e sorgo a 1:1:1; e controle sem adubacao verde. A recuperacao de N no sistema solo-planta foi influenciada pelo tipo de palhada utilizado, e a eficiencia de recuperacao do N derivado da palhada de leguminosa variou de 9 a 16%. O tratamento com palha de feijao-de-porco e o que apresenta maior eficiencia de recuperacao e, portanto, a melhor sincronia da oferta de nitrogenio pela decomposicao da palhada com a demanda pela cultura do repolho.

Dark Septate Endophytic Fungi Increase Green Manure-15N Recovery Efficiency, N Contents, and Micronutrients in Rice Grains

An understanding of the interaction between rice and dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi, under green fertilization, may lead to sustainable agricultural practices. Nevertheless, this interaction is still poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the accumulation of macro- and micronutrients, dry matter, and protein and N recovery efficiency from Canavalia ensiformis (L.)-15N in rice inoculated with DSE fungi. An experiment under greenhouse conditions was conducted in a randomized complete block design comprising split-plots, with five replicates of rice plants potted in non-sterilized soil. Rice (Piauí variety) seedlings were inoculated with DSE fungi, A101 and A103, or left uninoculated (control) and transplanted into pots containing 12 kg of soil, which had previously been supplemented with dry, finely ground shoot biomass of C. ensiformis enriched with 2.15 atom % 15N. Two collections were performed in the experiment: one at 54 days after transplanting (DAT) and one at 130 DAT (at maturation). Growth indicators (at 54 DAT), grain yield, nutrient content, recovery efficiency, and the amount of N derived from C. ensiformis were quantified. At 54 DAT, the N content, chlorophyll content, and plant height of inoculated plants had increased significantly compared with the control, and these plants were more proficient in the use of N derived from C. ensiformis. At maturation, plants inoculated with A103 were distinguished by the recovery efficiency and amount of N derived from C. ensiformis and N content in the grain and shoot being equal to that in A101 inoculation and higher than that in the control, resulting in a higher accumulation of crude protein and dry matter in the full grain and panicle of DSE-rice interaction. In addition, Fe and Ni contents in the grains of rice inoculated with these fungi doubled with respect to the control, and in A103 inoculation, we observed Mn accumulation that was three times higher than in the other treatments. Our results suggest that the inoculation of rice with DSE fungi represents a strategy to improve green manure-N recovery, grain yield per plant, and grain quality in terms of micronutrients contents in cropping systems with a low N input.

Compostagem de misturas de capim-elefante e torta de mamona com diferentes relações C:N

The economic viability of composting is related to the use of abundant raw materials, with competitive cost and low levels of chemical and biological contamination. Following these criteria, the biomass of elephant grass and castor cake are identified as very promising materials. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of end products and efficiency indices of the composting process in three formulations of the mixture of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and castor bean cake with different C: N ratios, and a reference treatment with the mixture of elephant grass biomass and Crotalaria juncea. The composting of the mixture of elephant grass with castor bean cake allows to obtain stabilized organic material, with high N content, with no need to use any inoculant or additive. Composts stabilized at approximately 60 days after initiation of composting provided reductions of approximately 50% of its mass and 65% of its volume after 90 days of composting. Composts with smaller initial C:N ratios presented greater proportional loss of nitrogen during composting.