Eduardo González-Fraile

Unidimensional 12-Item Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview for the Assessment of Dementia Caregivers' Burden Obtained by Item Response Theory

OBJECTIVES To develop a one-dimensional version of the 22-item Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZBI) by applying item response theory approaches. METHODS The answers to the 22-item ZBI of 241 caregivers participating in a clinical trial were analyzed 1) with a Mokken nonparametric item response theory analysis to ascertain the dimensional structure underlying the scale and obtain a one-dimensional reduced version, 2) with the Samejimas graded response model to assess the item characteristics of the reduced version, and 3) with confirmatory factor analysis to confirm the unidimensionality of the reduced ZBI version and assess the item loadings to the burden latent variable. RESULTS Mokken analysis resulted in a major one-dimensional scale comprising 12 items directly related with burden. All items showed scalability indices over 0.30. The scalability for the overall scale was 0.44 defining a medium scale according to Mokkens criteria. An unconstrained Samejimas graded response model showed appropriate fit, and most items of the reduced 12-item ZBI presented pertinent difficulty and discrimination parameters. The results of the 12-item ZBI confirmatory factor analysis fitted to a one-dimensional latent structure for burden (comparative fit index=0.975; root-mean-square error of approximation=0.067; weighted root mean square residual=0.677). All factor lodgings were above 0.40 with items 9 (strained by the relative) and 22 (overall feeling of burden) presenting the highest loadings. CONCLUSIONS The reduced 12-item ZBI fits a one-dimensional latent variable of burden. Further psychometric studies, focusing on its equivalence for different populations, sensitivity to change, and minimal important difference are warranted.

Effectiveness of a psychoeducational intervention group program in the reduction of the burden experienced by caregivers of patients with dementia: the EDUCA-II randomized trial.

We conducted a multicenter, prospective, evaluator-blinded, 2-arm parallel randomized trial to compare the effectiveness of a group psychoeducational intervention (PIP) with that of standard care in dementia caregivers. The primary outcome was the burden experience evaluated by the Zarit Burden Interview. Secondary outcomes were psychological distress evaluated with the scaled General Health Questionnaire-28 items, and quality of life evaluated with the Short-Form Health Survey 12. Effectiveness endpoint was at 4 months since inception. Statistical analyses used complete case and intention-to-treat analysis (ITT). The trial recruited 238 caregivers from 22 research sites (115 randomized to PIP, 123 randomized to standard care). No differences were found in the Zarit Burden Interview scores (complete case analysis: mean difference=−1.02, 95% confidence interval=−4.41 to 2.37; ITT analysis: MD=−0.55, 95% confidence interval=−3.64 to 2.55), the Short-Form Health Survey 12 domain scores (all P>0.05), and total General Health Questionnaire-28 items scores and some of its subscales (all P>0.05) except the anxiety and insomnia subscale for the ITT analysis (P=0.03). In summary, PIP in modality of group intervention was not better than standard care to reduce caregiver burden and overall psychological distress or to improve quality-of-life domains. EDUCA-II trial registry: ISRCTN14411440.

Instrumentos para medir la sobrecarga en el cuidador informal del paciente con demencia

UNLABELLED The complexity of dementia caregiver burden concept has led to a significant number of assessment tests using various approaches. For this reason, a review of these measurementss could be useful for clinical or research purposes. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study is to perform an updated review on the tools available, classifying them according to the burden criterion by studying their characteristics and psychometric properties, and providing those most relevant for application. METHOD The method applied consisted of a database search -Pubmed, PsycINFO, Embase and Psicodoc (1980-2012). RESULTS A total of 31 assessment tools were selected, grouped on the basis of the burden concept evaluated: objective/subjective burden, burden from a multidimensional approach, and as distress associated with patient impairment. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a suitable tool for using caregiver burden assessment tools accurately. A marked conclusion is the need to establish agreements in the assessment methods, in order to develop standard knowledge and application to healthcare practice.

A meta-analysis of the efficacy of albendazole compared with tinidazole as treatments for Giardia infections in children

Metronidazole is frequently used against Giardia infection; however, it has been associated with significant failure rates in clearing parasites from the gut; additionally, as it should be taken for 5 to 10 days, it is associated with poor compliance, probably due to side effects. Other drugs, including tinidazole (TNZ) and albendazole (ABZ) have been included in the antigiardial armamentarium. Our aim was to assess the efficacy of ABZ compared with TNZ in Giardia infections in children. A systematic review and a meta-analysis were carried out. PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and LILACS were searched electronically until February 2015. Also relevant journals and references of studies included therein were hand-searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The meta-analysis was limited to RCTs evaluating the use of ABZ compared with TNZ in children with Giardia infection. The assessed outcome was parasitological efficacy. Prediction intervals (PI) were computed to better express uncertainties in the effect estimates. Five RCTs including 403 children were included. Overall, TNZ significantly outperformed ABZ without differences between subgroups defined by ABZ dosages [relative risk, (RR) 1.61 (95% CI): (1.40-1.85); P<0.0001]. The 95% prediction interval range is 1.28-2.02. There was no significant heterogeneity (I(2)=0%; Q-test of heterogeneity P=0.4507. The number-needed-to-treat, the average number of patients who need to be treated with TNZ to gain one additional good outcome as compared with ABZ was 4, 95% CI: 3-5. Our results show that TNZ outperforms ABZ in the treatment of Giardia infections in children from developing countries.

RevisiónInstrumentos para medir la sobrecarga en el cuidador informal del paciente con demenciaAssessment tools to measure burden in the informal caregiver of patients with dementia

UNLABELLED The complexity of dementia caregiver burden concept has led to a significant number of assessment tests using various approaches. For this reason, a review of these measurementss could be useful for clinical or research purposes. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study is to perform an updated review on the tools available, classifying them according to the burden criterion by studying their characteristics and psychometric properties, and providing those most relevant for application. METHOD The method applied consisted of a database search -Pubmed, PsycINFO, Embase and Psicodoc (1980-2012). RESULTS A total of 31 assessment tools were selected, grouped on the basis of the burden concept evaluated: objective/subjective burden, burden from a multidimensional approach, and as distress associated with patient impairment. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a suitable tool for using caregiver burden assessment tools accurately. A marked conclusion is the need to establish agreements in the assessment methods, in order to develop standard knowledge and application to healthcare practice.

Efficacy of MLC601 on functional recovery after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Abstract Background and purpose: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) MLC601 has shown promising results on functional recovery of patients after stroke. This study aimed to evaluate the pooled effect of its efficacy. Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing efficacy of MLC601 vs other TCM compounds or placebo. The pooled effect was the relative risk (RR) combined by random effects model. A prediction effect interval was estimated for new studies and a cumulative meta-analysis was performed. Results: Four studies comprising five RCTs were included. The pooled RR was 1.64 (95% CI = 1.05–2.57; p-value = 0.031) favouring MLC601, but heterogeneity was large (I2 = 80%; Q-test p-value = 0.0005). Therefore, the prediction interval was wide and consistent with a null effect (RR range = 0.36–7.45). The cumulative meta-analysis showed a decreasing pattern of effect size through time, with higher effects for trials comparing MLC601 vs other TCM and a systematic decrease of the pooled effect when including later trials comparing MLC601 vs placebo. Conclusions: Evidence on the efficacy of MLC601 has decreased over time and when the comparison arm is placebo instead of other TCM compound. Current evidence suggests MLC601 does not outperform placebo on functional recovery after stroke.

Mental health professionals’ attitudes towards mental illness: professional and cultural factors in the INTER NOS study

BackgroundResearch shows that personnel working in mental health facilities may share some of the societal prejudices towards mental illness. This might result in stigmatizing behaviours towards people suffering from mental disorders, undermining the quality of their care.AimsTo describe and compare attitudes towards mental illness across a sample of professionals working in a wide range of mental health facilities in Spain, Portugal and Italy.MethodWe administered a survey to personnel including two questionnaires related to stigmatizing attitudes: The Community Attitudes toward the Mentally Ill (CAMI) and the Attribution Questionnaire (AQ-27). Data were compared according to professional category, work setting and country.Results34.06% (1525) professionals of the surveyed population responded adequately. Psychologists and social therapists had the most positive attitudes, and nursing assistants the most negative, on most factors of CAMI and AQ-27. Community staff had more positive attitudes than hospital-based professionals in most factors on CAMI and in discriminatory responses on AQ-27.ConclusionsGlobally, mental health professionals showed a positive attitude towards mental illness, but also a relative support to coercive treatments. There are differences in attitudes modulated by professional category and setting. Results can guide preventive strategies, particularly for the hospital-based and nursing staff.

Assessment of the consequences of caregiving in psychosis: a psychometric comparison of the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire (IEQ)

BackgroundThe Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) was originally developed to assess the level of subjective burden in caregivers of people with dementia. The Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire (IEQ) is amongst the leading scales to assess caregiving consequences in severe mental illness. We aimed to compare the psychometric properties of the ZBI, a generic tool, and of the IEQ, a more specific tool to assess the consequences of caregiving in schizophrenia and related disorders.MethodsSecondary analyses of a 16-week, randomized controlled trial of a psychoeducational intervention in 223 primary caregivers of patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Psychometric properties (internal consistency, convergent and discriminative validity, and sensitivity to change) were evaluated for both ZBI and IEQ.ResultsInternal consistency was good and similar for both scales (ZBI: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.89, 0.94; IEQ: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.83, 0.89). Convergent validity was relevant for similar domains (e.g. ZBI total score vs IEQ-tension r = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.61, 0.75) and at least moderate for the rest of domains (ZBI total score, personal strain and role strain vs IEQ-urging and supervision). Discriminative validity against psychological distress and depressive symptoms was good (Area Under the Curve [AUC]: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.71, 0.83; and 0.69, 95% CI: 0.63, 0.78 – for ZBI against GHQ-28 and CES-D respectively; and AUC: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.78; and 0.69, 95% CI: 0.62, 0.77 – for IEQ against GHQ-28 and CES-D respectively). AUCs against the reference criteria did not differ significantly between the two scales. After the intervention, both scales showed a significant decrease at endpoint (p-values < 0.001) with similar standardised effect sizes for change (-0.36, 95% CI: -0.58, -0.15 – for ZBI; -0.39, 95% CI: -0.60, -0.18 – for IEQ).ConclusionsBoth ZBI and IEQ have shown satisfactory psychometric properties to assess caregiver burden in this sample. We provided further evidence on the performance of the ZBI as a general measure of subjective burden.Trial registration(ISRCTN32545295).

PMH52 A SHORT 12-ITEM ZARIT BURDEN INVENTORY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DEMENTIA CAREGIVERS AS OBTAINED BY ITEM RESPONSE THEORY

The Zarit Burden Inventory (ZBI) is a 22-item self-report scale used to assess patient’s caregiver burden on several dimensions. However, as a multidimensional instrument the clinical interpretation of its total score is sometimes unclear. Because of that, our aim in this study was to try to obtain a short-ZBI unidimensional scale based on Item Response Theory (IRT) and showing appropriate psychometric characteristics.