Edward Bruce Churchwell

GLIMPSE. I. An SIRTF Legacy Project to Map the Inner Galaxy

ABSTRACT The Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid‐Plane Survey Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE), a Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) Legacy Science Program, will be a fully sampled, confusion‐limited infrared survey of \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape

A Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Survey of Supernova Remnants in the Inner Galaxy

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INTRINSICALLY RED SOURCES OBSERVED BY SPITZER IN THE GALACTIC MIDPLANE

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Solar system-sized condensations in the Orion Nebula

Using Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) images at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8 ?m from the GLIMPSE Legacy science program on the Spitzer Space Telescope, we searched for infrared counterparts to the 95 known supernova remnants that are located within Galactic longitudes 65? > |l| > 10? and latitudes |b| < 1?. Eighteen infrared counterparts were detected. Many other supernova remnants could have significant infrared emission but are in portions of the Milky Way too confused to allow the separation of bright H II regions and pervasive mid-infrared emission from atomic and molecular clouds along the line of sight. Infrared emission from supernova remnants originates from synchrotron emission, shock-heated dust, atomic fine-structure lines, and molecular lines. The detected remnants are G11.2-0.3, Kes?69, G22.7-0.2, 3C?391, W44, 3C?396, 3C?397, W49B, G54.4-0.3, Kes?17, Kes?20A, RCW 103, G344.7-0.1, G346.6-0.2, CTB?37A, G348.5-0.0, and G349.7+0.2. The infrared colors suggest emission from molecular lines (nine remnants), fine-structure lines (three remnants), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (four remnants), or a combination; some remnants feature multiple colors in different regions. None of the remnants are dominated by synchrotron radiation at mid-infrared wavelengths. The IRAC-detected sample emphasizes remnants interacting with relatively dense gas, for which most of the shock cooling occurs through molecular or ionic lines in the mid-infrared.

ISO spectroscopy of compact HII regions in the Galaxy - II. Ionization and elemental abundances

We present a highly reliable flux-limited census of 18,949 point sources in the Galactic midplane that have intrinsically red mid-infrared colors. These sources were selected from the Spitzer Space Telescope Galactic Legacy Infrared Midplane Survey Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE) I and II surveys of 274 deg2 of the Galactic midplane, and consist mostly of high- and intermediate-mass young stellar objects (YSOs) and asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. The selection criteria were carefully chosen to minimize the effects of position-dependent sensitivity, saturation, and confusion. The distribution of sources on the sky and their location in the Infrared Array Camera and the Multiband Image Photometer for Spitzer 24 μm color-magnitude and color-color space are presented. Using this large sample, we find that YSOs and AGB stars can be mostly separated by simple color-magnitude selection criteria into approximately 50%-70% of YSOs and 30%-50% of AGB stars. Planetary nebulae and background galaxies together represent at most 2%-3% of all the red sources. 1004 red sources in the GLIMPSE II region, mostly AGB stars with high mass-loss rates, show significant (≥0.3 mag) variability at 4.5 and/or 8.0 μm. With over 11,000 likely YSOs and over 7000 likely AGB stars, this is to date the largest uniform census of AGB stars and high- and intermediate-mass YSOs in the Milky Way Galaxy.

Cometary compact H II regions are stellar-wind bow shocks

New observations of 22 ultracompact radio sources toward the Trapezium cluster and toward the core of the Kleinmann-Low nebula are reported. The diameters of the sources range from less than 3.7 x 10 to the 14th cm to about 3.4 x 10 to the 15th cm. Their emission measures are typically greater than 10 to the 8th pc/cm exp 6, their electron densities are greater than or equal to 10 to the 6th/cu cm, and most are optically thin at 2 cm. Fifteen are associated with stars. Two interpretations for the optically visible nebular condensations are discussed. They may be dense, molecular globules embedded in the diffuse H II region with envelopes ionized by the Trapezium stars, or they may be low-mass, premain-sequence stars whose accretion disks are slowly being evaporated by the Trapezium stars. Properties and mass-loss rates are derived for the objects not associated with visible stars. 39 references.

Resolution of Distance Ambiguities of Inner Galaxy Massive Star Formation Regions. I.

Based on the ISO spectral catalogue of compact H ii regions by Peeters et al. (2002), we present a rst analysis of the hydrogen recombination and atomic ne-structure lines originated in the ionized gas. The sample consists of 34 H ii regions located at galactocentric distances between RGal = 0 and 15 kpc. The SWS H i recombination lines between 2 and 8 m are used to estimate the extinction law at these wavelengths for 14 H ii regions. An extinction in the K band between 0 and 3 mag has been derived. The ne-structure lines of N, O, Ne, S and Ar are detected in most of the sources. Most of these elements are observed in two dierent ionization stages probing a range in ionization potential up to 41 eV. The ISO data, by itself or combined with radio data taken from the literature, is used to derive the elemental abundances relative to hydrogen. The present data thus allow us to describe for each source its elemental abundance, its state of ionization and to constrain the properties of the ionizing star(s). The main results of this study are as follows. The ionization ratios Ar ++ /Ar + ,N ++ /N + ,S +3 /S ++ and Ne ++ /Ne + , which measure the degree of ionization and to rst order, the hardness of the stellar radiation, seem to increase with RGal. These ionization ratios correlate well with each other, implying that the spectral hardening aects equally the full range of ionizing energies. A Galactocentric gradient of N/O (log N= O= 0:056 0:009 dex kpc 1 ) is observed in the sense of a decreasing abundance ratio with RGal in agreement with previous studies. Abundance gradients for neon and argon are derived of the form log Ne= H= 0:039 0:007 dex kpc 1 and log Ar= H= 0:045 0:011 dex kpc 1 . These elemental gradients could be enlarged by the existing Galactic Te gradient. Adopting a Te gradient of approximately 330 K kpc 1 , the slopes in the Ne/H and Ar/H gradients become 0:06 and 0:07 dex kpc 1 , respectively. Lower limits for

RESOLUTION OF DISTANCE AMBIGUITIES OF INNER GALAXY MASSIVE STAR FORMATION REGIONS. II.

Comet-shaped H II regions, like G34.3 + 0.2, are easily explained as bow shocks created by wind-blowing massive stars moving supersonically through molecular clouds. The required velocities of the stars through dense clumps are less than about 10 km/s, comparable to the velocity dispersion of stars in OB associations. An analytic model of bow shocks matches the gross characteristics seen in the radio continuum and the velocity structure inferred from hydrogen recombination and molecular line observations. The champagne flow model cannot account for these structures. VLBI observations of masers associated with the shells of cometary compact H II regions should reveal tailward proper motions predominantly parallel to the shell, rather than perpendicular. It is predicted that over a decade baseline, high signal-to-noise VLA observations of this class of objects will show headward pattern motion in the direction of the symmetry axis, but not expansion. Finally, shock-generated and coronal infrared lines are also predicted. 57 refs.

RCW 49 at Mid-Infrared Wavelengths: A GLIMPSE from the Spitzer Space Telescope

Fifty-four ultracompact (UC) H ii regions in the GLIMPSE survey region (jbj < 1 � and 30 � < l < 70 � ) were observed in H2CO and H110� using the 305 m Arecibo telescope. By analyzing H2CO absorption against the UC H ii region continuum emission, we resolve the distance ambiguity toward 44 sources. This determination is critical to measure global physical properties of UC H ii regions (e.g., luminosity, size, mass) and properties of the Galaxy (e.g., spiral structure, abundance gradients). We find that the distribution of UC H ii regions in this survey is consistent with a ‘‘ local spur,’’ the Perseus, Sagittarius, and Scutum arms as delineated by Taylor & Cordes. However, departures from model velocities produce distance uncertainties only slightly smaller than the proposed arm separations. Subject headings: Galaxy: disk — radio lines: general — stars: formation On-line material: machine-readable tables

The infrared emission from dust surrounding newly formed O stars

We report simultaneous H110α and H2CO line observations with the NRAO Green Bank Telescope toward 72 H II regions in the Spitzer Space Telescope GLIMPSE survey area (|l| = 10°-65° and |b| ≤ 1°). We used the H110α line to establish the velocity of the H II regions and H2CO absorption lines to distinguish between near and far distances. Accurate distances are crucial for the determination of physical properties of massive star formation regions. We resolved the distance ambiguity of 44 H II regions. We detected multiple H II regions along 18 lines of sight located in the longitude interval 12°-31°, primarily a result of the relatively large telescope beam width. We could not resolve distance ambiguities for lines of sight with multiple H II regions, since we could not determine which H2CO lines were being absorbed against which H II region. We examined the projected location of H II regions whose distance ambiguities have been resolved (in this work and other similar studies) in the Galactic plane and in a longitude-velocity diagram for a recognizable spiral arm pattern. Although the highest density of points in the position-position plot approximately follows the spiral arms proposed by Taylor & Cordes, the dispersion is still about as large as the separation between their proposed arms. The longitude-velocity plot shows an increase in the density of sources at the points where the spiral arm loci proposed by Taylor & Cordes are approaching the locus of tangent point velocities and a lower density between the arm loci. However, it is not possible to trace spiral arms over significant segments of Galactic longitude in the longitude-velocity plot. We conclude that a very large number of H II regions in combination with more sophisticated Galactic rotation models will be required to obtain a more continuous spiral pattern from kinematic studies of H II regions than from fully sampled surveys of H I or CO.