Edward E. Terrell

TAXONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF GENETICS IN RYEGRASSES (LOLIUM)

Introduction 1 3 138 Chromosome numbers and karyotypes .139 Inheritance of morphological characteristics . .140 Natural interspecific and intergeneric hybrids . .141 Self-fertility and cross-fertility..142 Interspecific crosses..143 1. Cross-pollinated group .143 2. Self-pollinated group .145 3. Cross-pollinted x self-pollinated groups .145 Intergeneric crosses.. . 148

Phylogenetic implications of diverse seed types, chromosome numbers, and pollen morphology in Houstonia (Rubiaceae)

Seed and pollen morphology were studied by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in 39 North and Central American species of Houstonia (including Hedyotis, but excluding Oldenlandia). Chromosome counts were obtained for eight taxa, of which five lacked previous chromosome data. A chromosome number of n = 17 for Houstonia gracilis is a new base number for the genus. Seed external morphology in the genus is very diverse, including variation in compression, margins, testa surfaces, and elaboration of ventral cavities or depressions and hilar ridges or their absence. Three types of pollen apertures are recognized: colporate with type A os, colpororate, and colporate with type B os, the last the most advanced type, occurring in H. caerulea and related species. The 39 species are arranged in twelve groups, based on correlation of seed, pollen, and chromosome data. Geographic distribution provides supplementary evidence for the distinctness and integrity of the six principal groups each composed of 2-9 species. Five of the six minor groups each with one species need chromosome data to facilitate future taxonomic decisions. Chromosome numbers of x = 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, and 17 are now known in this genus, and phylogenetic implications of the combined data are discussed.

Survey of Asian and Pacific species of Hedyotis and Exallage (Rubiaceae) with nomenclatural notes on Hedyotis types

Selection of a type species for the wide-ranging genus Hedyotis (Hedyotideae; Rubiaceae) has involved a longstanding controversy over two species, Hedyotis auricularia L. and H. fruticosa L. Nomenclatural and morphological data support the selection of H. fruticosa as type. The choice of H. auricularia would have caused considerable taxonomic confusion by upsetting previously established names and overturning the names of the many species of Oldenlandia. The General Committee on nomenclature recently has approved Hedyotis fruticosa as the conserved type of Hedyotis. The morphology and taxonomy of the genus Exallage, based on H. auricularia, is surveyed, and we conclude that at least three of the species are better treated as a new subgenus of Oldenlandia. The synonymy of these species is listed, and two new combinations are published in the genus Oldenlandia. A detailed survey of the species related to Hedyotis fruticosa begins with the 24 Sri Lankan species, most of which exhibit morphological characters similar to Hedyotis fruticosa. The capsules of these species have been termed diplophragmous in allusion to the partial apical loculicidal dehiscence followed by complete septicidal dehiscence, resulting in two separate capsular halves or cocci. The seeds of these species are dorsiventrally compressed with a ventral hilar ridge topped by a punctiform apical hilum. Many other Asian and Pacific, particularly Micronesian, species show similar diplophragmous capsules and fruticosa-type seeds. The recognition of this newly circumscribed group, Hedyotis subgenus Hedyotis, ranging from China and India to Micronesia, establishes a firm basis for comparative studies of Hawaiian and American species, which are known to differ in morphology from the typical subgenus.

Resurrection of Genus Kadua for Hawaiian Hedyotidinae (Rubiaceae), with Emphasis on Seed and Fruit Characters and Notes on South Pacific Species

Abstract We examined shapes and surface features of seeds of 19 species of Hawaiian Hedyotideae using scanning electron microscopy. The study concentrates on the Hedyotideae previously recognized in the genus Hedyotis and here recognized as the genus Kadua, lacking diplophragmous capsules, and having salverform, fleshy corollas with appendaged lobes. The seeds fell into four main morphological groups: (1) hat- or fan-shaped, laterally cuneate, compressed seeds (Kadua subg. Kadua and atypical species of Gouldiopsis and Wiegmannia); (2) ovoid or elliptic seeds with conspicuous bubble-shaped bodies included in the areoles (cells) (most of sect. Wiegmannia); (3) flat broadly winged seeds with a lateral hilum attached at wing margin (Kadua centranthoides, type species of sect. Gouldiopsis); (4) brick-like or blocky seeds with a centric ventral hilum (Kadua subg. Gouldia). The results of the seed study correlate with the taxonomic arrangement in the current Hawaiian flora. An appendix lists the Kadua names including necessary new combinations and their Hedyotis synonyms for the Hawaiian taxa and seven additional South Pacific taxa having the same corolla characters. The following new names are published: Kadua subg. Gouldia (A. Gray) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua sect. Gouldia (A. Gray) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua fosbergii (W. L. Wagner & D. R. Herbst) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua axillaris (Wawra) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua sect. Phyllozygia (W. L. Wagner & Herbst) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua tryblium (D. R. Herbst & W. L. Wagner) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua sect. Oceanica (Fosberg) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua sect. Austrogouldia (Fosberg) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua lucei (Lorence & J. Florence) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua nukuhivensis (J. Florence & Lorence) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua tahuatensis (Lorence & J. Florence) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua grantii (Fosberg) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua sect. Protokadua (Fosberg) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua coriacea (J. E. Smith) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua sect. Gouldiopsis (Fosberg) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua foggiana (Fosberg) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua sect. Wiegmannia (Meyen) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua cordata Cham & Schltdl. subsp. remyi (Hillebr.) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua cordata Cham & Schltdl. subsp. waimeae (Wawra) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua degeneri (Fosberg) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua degeneri (Fosberg) W. L. Wagner & Lorence subsp. coprosmifolia (Fosberg) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua elatior (H. Mann) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Kadua flynnii (W. L. Wagner & Lorence) W. L. Wagner & Lorence, and Kadua st.-johnii (B. C. Stone & Lane) W. L. Wagner & Lorence.

Epidermal features of spikelets in Leersia (Poaceae)

Etude au microscope electronique a balayage et analyse par rayons X dispersive en energie de 13 especes de L.

Oldenlandiopsis (Rubiaceae), a new genus from the Caribbean Basin, based on Oldenlandia callitrichoides Grisebach

A new genus,Oldenlandiopsis, is proposed, based onOldenlandia callitrichoides Griseb., native to the West Indies, southern Mexico, and Central America. Relationships toOldenlandia andLucya, the latter with 6-aperturate pollen, are discussed. The major character differences between the new genus andOldenlandia are in pollen structure, chromosome number, capsule shape and dehiscence, and seed shape and number.

Protein and Lysine Contents in Grains of Three Species of Wild-Rice (Zizania; Gramineae)

Nine grain samples belonging to three species of wild-rice were analyzed for protein and lysine contents. Results of five previous reports of protein contents are summarized. Combined data for average protein contents are: Zizania aquatica var. aquatica (four samples), 13.14%; Z. palustris (48 samples), 13.41%; and Z. latifolia (two samples), 12.88%. Average lysine contents, expressed in grams per grams of nitrogen are: Z. aquatica var. aquatica (three samples), 0.279; Z. palustris (five samples), 0.246; and Z. latifolia (one sample), 0.275. Natural, unprocessed grains have more protein than parched grains. The three species of Zizania are similar in protein and lysine contents. Wild-rice has higher protein and lysine contents than the average commercial cultivars of barley, corn, rice, rye, and sorghum and has lower contents than oats and certain wheats.

Carterella (Rubiaceae), new genus from Baja California, Mexico

Carterella is described as a new genus based on Bouvardia alexanderae, endemic to Baja California Sur, Mexico. Closest relationships are to the Houstonia mucronata group, but qualitative differences in seed characters and striking quantitative differences in floral characters provide evidence for recognition of a new monotypic genus.

The Correct Names for Pearl Millet and Yellow Foxtail

Nomenclatural histories and usages are discussed for five binomials used for pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoideum, P. typhoides, P. spicatum, P. glaucum, P. americanum) and two binomials used for yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca, S. lutescens). Linnaean and pre-Linnaean concepts of Panicum glaucum L. and Panicum americanum L. are reviewed in detail. The controversial basionym, Panicum glaucum, is applied to yellow foxtail, in agreement with Linnaeuss treatment in the second edition of Species Plantarum. The name Panicum americanum clearly referred to pearl millet. A commonly-used combination, Pennisetum americanum (L). K. Schumann, is incorrect because Schumann did not accept it. The correct names are Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke (pearl millet) and Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. (yellow foxtail

Morphology and taxonomy of Arcytophyllum serpyllaceum (Rubiaceae), a transfer from Hedyotis

outline, and with a central punctiform hilum. The seeds as shown by scanning electron microscopy are very similar to those of Arcytophyllum muticum (Weddell) Standley, a prostrate, suffruticose species of Costa Rica, Panama, and South America. Seeds of Hedyotideae have been found to be very important in classification (Terrell, 1996). Seeds of Houstonia are crateriform and the hilum is on a hilar ridge (Terrell, 1996), whereas seeds of Hedyotzos serpyllacea are non-crateriform (without ventral depressions or cavities) and lack hilar ridges. Oldenlandia seeds are trigonous or conical and usually much smaller than those of the other genera. Hedyotis as presently recognized includes a heterogeneous array of species, as previously pointed out (Terrell, 1996). I have examined seeds of all of the Western Hemisphere species of Hedyotis, as well as those of many of the Asian species including the type, H. fruticosa L., and all of these seeds differ from those of Hedyotis serpyllacea. A systematic treatment of Arcytophyllum serpyllaceum (Hedyotis serpyllacea) is presented here. This extends the distribution of Arcytophyllum from Panama and Costa Rica into Guatemala and southern Mexico, and also records the first collection of H. serpyllacea in Oaxaca (first noticed by Robert King, cited as Terrell & King 4441).