Edward Finegan

Adverbial Stance Types in English.

The present paper identifies various speech styles of English as marked by stance adver‐bials. By stance we mean the overt expression of an authors or speakers attitudes, feelings, judgments, or commitment concerning the message. Adverbials are one of the primary lexical markers of stance in English, and we limit ourselves in this paper to adverbial marking of stance (the attitudinal and style disjuncts presented in Quirk, Green‐baum, Leech, & Svartvik, 1985). All occurrences of stance adverbials are identified in the LOB and London‐Lund corpora (410 texts of written and spoken British English), and each is analyzed in its sentential context to distinguish true markers of stance from adverbials that serve other functions (e.g., as manner adverbs). The adverbials marking stance are divided into six semantic categories, and the frequency of occurrence for each category in each text is computed. The six categories are labeled (1) honestly adverbials, (2) generally adverbials, (3) surely adverbials, (4) act...

Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Register

The guiding idea of this collection is to bring together a number of different perspectives on variation in language according to occasion of use. At present this is a rather ill-defined field of interest sometimes referred to as style variation and sometimes as register variation. This area has not figured as prominently in sociolinguistics as certain and other aspects of variation (social dialect variation in particular). This volume draws attention to the importance of this ubiquitous linguistic phenomenon and points the way to a unified approach. Biber and Finegan have solicited studies presenting a variety of perspectives on registers and register variation, as well as papers that attempt to integrate register and social dialect variation into a coherent theoretical framework.

Language in the USA: Themes for the Twenty-first Century

Part I. American English: 1. American English: its origins and history Richard W. Bailey 2. The distinctiveness of American English Edward Finegan 3. Regional American dialects William Kretzschmar 4. Social varieties of American English Walt Wolfram 5. African-American vernacular English Lisa Green 6. The dictionary of American regional English Joan Houston Hall Part II. Other Language Varieties in the USA: 7. Multilingualism and non-English mother tongues Joshua A Fishman 8. Creole languages in the United States: forging new identities Patricia Nichols 9. Native American languages Akira Y. Yamamoto and Ofelia Zepeda 10. Spanish in the northeast Ana Celia Zentella 11. Spanish in the southwest Carmen Silva-Corvalan 12. American sign language Ceil Lucas and Clayton Valli 13. Asian American voices Thom Huebner and Linda Uyechi 14. Linguistic diversity and English language acquisition Robert Bayley Part III. The Sociolinguistic Situation in the USA: 15. Language ideology and language prejudice Rosina Lippi-Green 16. Ebonics and its controversy John Baugh 17. Language policy and English-only Terrence G. Wiley 18. Language and Education Lily Wong Fillmore 19. Adolescent language Penelope Eckert 20. Slang Connie Eble 21. Rap and hip hop H. Samy Alim 22. Language, gender and sexuality Mary Bucholtz 23. Language and identity in American literature James Peterson 24. The language of doctors and patients Cynthia Hagstrom 25. The language of cyberspace Denise E. Murray 26. Language attitudes to US speech Dennis R. Preston.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND USAGE

Introduction The codification of English usage, not by an official academy but by a disparate band of independent entrepreneurs, constitutes the story of this chapter. It is a story of increasing knowledge about language in general and English in particular, of competition between prescriptive and descriptive ideals of grammar and lexicography in the market-place and of a shifting role for the place of speech and writing in codifying the language. It is also a story of the influence of piety, morality, discipline and social politics on the evaluation of English usage as the language was codified and the codifications disseminated over the last two centuries. The focus throughout is on Britain, but the interactions between Britons and Americans and the intertwined scholarship and international markets for English-language grammars and dictionaries make a tidy separation of the British and American stories impracticable. Following section 6.1, the discussion is divided into three periods. Section 6.2 concentrates on the years roughly from the mid-eighteenth century to the introduction of comparative historical linguistics into Britain around 1830, section 6.3 the period from 1830 to 1930 so as to encompass the entire scope of planning and producing the Oxford English Dictionary , and section 6.4 the span from the completion of the OED to the close of the millennium. The chronological subdivisions are somewhat arbitrary in that the patterns examined do not start or end on particular dates, but the periods serve as convenient frames for focusing on notable trends. Section 6.5 offers some conclusions and prospects. (American views of grammar and usage are reported in volume VI.)

Language in the USA: Contents

Part I. American English: 1. American English: its origins and history Richard W. Bailey 2. The distinctiveness of American English Edward Finegan 3. Regional American dialects William Kretzschmar 4. Social varieties of American English Walt Wolfram 5. African-American vernacular English Lisa Green 6. The dictionary of American regional English Joan Houston Hall Part II. Other Language Varieties in the USA: 7. Multilingualism and non-English mother tongues Joshua A Fishman 8. Creole languages in the United States: forging new identities Patricia Nichols 9. Native American languages Akira Y. Yamamoto and Ofelia Zepeda 10. Spanish in the northeast Ana Celia Zentella 11. Spanish in the southwest Carmen Silva-Corvalan 12. American sign language Ceil Lucas and Clayton Valli 13. Asian American voices Thom Huebner and Linda Uyechi 14. Linguistic diversity and English language acquisition Robert Bayley Part III. The Sociolinguistic Situation in the USA: 15. Language ideology and language prejudice Rosina Lippi-Green 16. Ebonics and its controversy John Baugh 17. Language policy and English-only Terrence G. Wiley 18. Language and Education Lily Wong Fillmore 19. Adolescent language Penelope Eckert 20. Slang Connie Eble 21. Rap and hip hop H. Samy Alim 22. Language, gender and sexuality Mary Bucholtz 23. Language and identity in American literature James Peterson 24. The language of doctors and patients Cynthia Hagstrom 25. The language of cyberspace Denise E. Murray 26. Language attitudes to US speech Dennis R. Preston.

Language in the USA: Acknowledgments

Part I. American English: 1. American English: its origins and history Richard W. Bailey 2. The distinctiveness of American English Edward Finegan 3. Regional American dialects William Kretzschmar 4. Social varieties of American English Walt Wolfram 5. African-American vernacular English Lisa Green 6. The dictionary of American regional English Joan Houston Hall Part II. Other Language Varieties in the USA: 7. Multilingualism and non-English mother tongues Joshua A Fishman 8. Creole languages in the United States: forging new identities Patricia Nichols 9. Native American languages Akira Y. Yamamoto and Ofelia Zepeda 10. Spanish in the northeast Ana Celia Zentella 11. Spanish in the southwest Carmen Silva-Corvalan 12. American sign language Ceil Lucas and Clayton Valli 13. Asian American voices Thom Huebner and Linda Uyechi 14. Linguistic diversity and English language acquisition Robert Bayley Part III. The Sociolinguistic Situation in the USA: 15. Language ideology and language prejudice Rosina Lippi-Green 16. Ebonics and its controversy John Baugh 17. Language policy and English-only Terrence G. Wiley 18. Language and Education Lily Wong Fillmore 19. Adolescent language Penelope Eckert 20. Slang Connie Eble 21. Rap and hip hop H. Samy Alim 22. Language, gender and sexuality Mary Bucholtz 23. Language and identity in American literature James Peterson 24. The language of doctors and patients Cynthia Hagstrom 25. The language of cyberspace Denise E. Murray 26. Language attitudes to US speech Dennis R. Preston.

Language in the USA: List of figures

Part I. American English: 1. American English: its origins and history Richard W. Bailey 2. The distinctiveness of American English Edward Finegan 3. Regional American dialects William Kretzschmar 4. Social varieties of American English Walt Wolfram 5. African-American vernacular English Lisa Green 6. The dictionary of American regional English Joan Houston Hall Part II. Other Language Varieties in the USA: 7. Multilingualism and non-English mother tongues Joshua A Fishman 8. Creole languages in the United States: forging new identities Patricia Nichols 9. Native American languages Akira Y. Yamamoto and Ofelia Zepeda 10. Spanish in the northeast Ana Celia Zentella 11. Spanish in the southwest Carmen Silva-Corvalan 12. American sign language Ceil Lucas and Clayton Valli 13. Asian American voices Thom Huebner and Linda Uyechi 14. Linguistic diversity and English language acquisition Robert Bayley Part III. The Sociolinguistic Situation in the USA: 15. Language ideology and language prejudice Rosina Lippi-Green 16. Ebonics and its controversy John Baugh 17. Language policy and English-only Terrence G. Wiley 18. Language and Education Lily Wong Fillmore 19. Adolescent language Penelope Eckert 20. Slang Connie Eble 21. Rap and hip hop H. Samy Alim 22. Language, gender and sexuality Mary Bucholtz 23. Language and identity in American literature James Peterson 24. The language of doctors and patients Cynthia Hagstrom 25. The language of cyberspace Denise E. Murray 26. Language attitudes to US speech Dennis R. Preston.

Language in the USA: American English

Part I. American English: 1. American English: its origins and history Richard W. Bailey 2. The distinctiveness of American English Edward Finegan 3. Regional American dialects William Kretzschmar 4. Social varieties of American English Walt Wolfram 5. African-American vernacular English Lisa Green 6. The dictionary of American regional English Joan Houston Hall Part II. Other Language Varieties in the USA: 7. Multilingualism and non-English mother tongues Joshua A Fishman 8. Creole languages in the United States: forging new identities Patricia Nichols 9. Native American languages Akira Y. Yamamoto and Ofelia Zepeda 10. Spanish in the northeast Ana Celia Zentella 11. Spanish in the southwest Carmen Silva-Corvalan 12. American sign language Ceil Lucas and Clayton Valli 13. Asian American voices Thom Huebner and Linda Uyechi 14. Linguistic diversity and English language acquisition Robert Bayley Part III. The Sociolinguistic Situation in the USA: 15. Language ideology and language prejudice Rosina Lippi-Green 16. Ebonics and its controversy John Baugh 17. Language policy and English-only Terrence G. Wiley 18. Language and Education Lily Wong Fillmore 19. Adolescent language Penelope Eckert 20. Slang Connie Eble 21. Rap and hip hop H. Samy Alim 22. Language, gender and sexuality Mary Bucholtz 23. Language and identity in American literature James Peterson 24. The language of doctors and patients Cynthia Hagstrom 25. The language of cyberspace Denise E. Murray 26. Language attitudes to US speech Dennis R. Preston.

Language in the USA: List of contributors

Part I. American English: 1. American English: its origins and history Richard W. Bailey 2. The distinctiveness of American English Edward Finegan 3. Regional American dialects William Kretzschmar 4. Social varieties of American English Walt Wolfram 5. African-American vernacular English Lisa Green 6. The dictionary of American regional English Joan Houston Hall Part II. Other Language Varieties in the USA: 7. Multilingualism and non-English mother tongues Joshua A Fishman 8. Creole languages in the United States: forging new identities Patricia Nichols 9. Native American languages Akira Y. Yamamoto and Ofelia Zepeda 10. Spanish in the northeast Ana Celia Zentella 11. Spanish in the southwest Carmen Silva-Corvalan 12. American sign language Ceil Lucas and Clayton Valli 13. Asian American voices Thom Huebner and Linda Uyechi 14. Linguistic diversity and English language acquisition Robert Bayley Part III. The Sociolinguistic Situation in the USA: 15. Language ideology and language prejudice Rosina Lippi-Green 16. Ebonics and its controversy John Baugh 17. Language policy and English-only Terrence G. Wiley 18. Language and Education Lily Wong Fillmore 19. Adolescent language Penelope Eckert 20. Slang Connie Eble 21. Rap and hip hop H. Samy Alim 22. Language, gender and sexuality Mary Bucholtz 23. Language and identity in American literature James Peterson 24. The language of doctors and patients Cynthia Hagstrom 25. The language of cyberspace Denise E. Murray 26. Language attitudes to US speech Dennis R. Preston.

Language in the USA: Index

Part I. American English: 1. American English: its origins and history Richard W. Bailey 2. The distinctiveness of American English Edward Finegan 3. Regional American dialects William Kretzschmar 4. Social varieties of American English Walt Wolfram 5. African-American vernacular English Lisa Green 6. The dictionary of American regional English Joan Houston Hall Part II. Other Language Varieties in the USA: 7. Multilingualism and non-English mother tongues Joshua A Fishman 8. Creole languages in the United States: forging new identities Patricia Nichols 9. Native American languages Akira Y. Yamamoto and Ofelia Zepeda 10. Spanish in the northeast Ana Celia Zentella 11. Spanish in the southwest Carmen Silva-Corvalan 12. American sign language Ceil Lucas and Clayton Valli 13. Asian American voices Thom Huebner and Linda Uyechi 14. Linguistic diversity and English language acquisition Robert Bayley Part III. The Sociolinguistic Situation in the USA: 15. Language ideology and language prejudice Rosina Lippi-Green 16. Ebonics and its controversy John Baugh 17. Language policy and English-only Terrence G. Wiley 18. Language and Education Lily Wong Fillmore 19. Adolescent language Penelope Eckert 20. Slang Connie Eble 21. Rap and hip hop H. Samy Alim 22. Language, gender and sexuality Mary Bucholtz 23. Language and identity in American literature James Peterson 24. The language of doctors and patients Cynthia Hagstrom 25. The language of cyberspace Denise E. Murray 26. Language attitudes to US speech Dennis R. Preston.