Elaine Zahnd

Substance Use and Issues of Violence among Low-Income, Pregnant Women: The California Perinatal Needs Assessment

An analysis of how violence affects the lives of pregnant, low-income women was undertaken, drawing from needs assessment data from two diverse California counties. Self-report screening was used to determine risk for heavier or problem substance use. Of 1,147 women, 401 met the screening threshold. The 401 at-risk respondents report significantly higher levels of substance-related violence when compared to the other 746 respondents. Among all respondents, neighborhood substance-related problems, being United States-born, meeting the screening threshold, and being a woman of color were associated with reported substance-related violence among acquaintances. Among the substance-involved sample, neighborhood drug problems, being a woman of color, and being hurt, beaten or taken advantage of due to drugs were associated with violence reports. The implications are that substance-related violence prevention strategies need to focus on the community as well as on the individual and the family.

Gender Issues in California's Perinatal Substance Abuse Policy

This article examines gender issues that arose when California created and passed a law related to substance-exposed infants in 1990. The law intended to clarify whether prenatal alcohol and drug use was a reportable form of child abuse. The authors conducted 32 interviews with those who created the law and those who implemented part of the law, creating a model protocol. The authors also collected documents related to the overall project, such as the final report, the model protocol itself and comments on a draft protocol, and minutes of meetings. Three gender issues arose in interviews with the laws framers and the protocol developers. First, the discourse about the law and the process of the laws creation was a divisive one. Members took sides as being either “pro-woman” or “pro-child.” These positions were also respectively aligned with a further division: one was either “pro-treatment” or “pro-protection.” Second, there were issues related to drug testing and the purposes of such testing. Drug test results were, and continue to be, turned over to child welfare agencies when women are reported as suspected child abusers, and interviewees expressed concerns about gender equity and womens rights. Finally, fathers were noticeably absentfrom policy discussion and policy-related documents.

Designing an agency-based drug problems needs assessment

Dorie Klein, Elaine Zahnd and Sue Holtby are senior researchers at the Western Consortium for Public Health (2001 Addison St., Berkeley, CA 94704). Dr. Klein is a criminologist who has published on women and criminal justice and on alcohol and drug policy. Dr. Zahnd is a sociologist whose research has focused on womens health and well-being and substance use. Ms. Holtbys current public health research includes alcohol and drug problem prevalence.