Elena Gámez

Processing of temporal information: Evidence from eye movements

Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain In two experiments, we recorded eye movements to study how readers monitor temporal order information contained in narrative texts. Participants read short texts containing critical temporal information in the sixth sentence, which could be either consistent or inconsistent with temporal order information given in the second sentence. In Experiment 1, inconsistent sentences yielded more regressions to the second sentence and longer refixations of it. In Experiment 2, this pattern of eye movements was shown only by readers who noticed the inconsistency and were able to report it. Theoretical and methodological implications of the results for research on text comprehension are discussed.

Comprensión de las relaciones interpersonales en el contexto de narraciones de episodios de interacción

Resumen En este artículo proponemos que el proceso de comprensión de narraciones interpersonales recoge los cambios que se producen en las relaciones de los protagonistas como consecuencia de las interacciones habidas entre ellos. Para comprobar esta hipótesis medimos la accesibilidadde una frase que describía una relación (próxima o distante) entre los protagonistas de un episodio, en el que acontecía una interacción interpersonal (positiva o negativa). Los resultados del experimento realizado mostraron que el tiempo de lectura de la relación final de los protagonistas dependía de la congruencia con la relación previa y con la conducta. Estos resultados se presentan contrastando las diferentes perspectivas teóricas en la comprensión de narraciones y enfatizando la relevancia de la cognición social en la comprensión de textos interpersonales.

Content and Strategy in Syllogistic Reasoning

Syllogistic reasoning has been investigated as a general deductive process (Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991; Revlis, 1975; Rips, 1994). However, several studies have demonstrated the role of cognitive strategies in this type of reasoning. These strategies focus on the method used by the participants (Ford, 1995; Gilhooly, Logie, Wetherick, & Wynn, 1993) and strategies related to different interpretations of the quantified premises (Roberts, Newstead, & Griggs, 2001). In this paper, we propose that content (as well as individual cognitive differences) is an important factor in inducing a certain strategy or method for syllogistic resolution. Specifically, we suggest that syllogisms with a causal conditional premise that can be extended by an agency premise induce the use of a conditional method. To demonstrate this, we carried out two experiments. Experiment 1 provided evidence that this type of syllogism leads participants to draw the predicted conditional conclusions, in contrast with control content syllogisms. In Experiment 2, we demonstrated that the drawing of conditional conclusions is based on a causal conditional to an agent representation of the syllogism premises. These results support the role of content as inducing a particular strategy for syllogistic resolution. The implications of these results are discussed.

Por sus actos los conoceréis : inferencia de la relación interpersonal en narraciones verbales y pictóricas

ResumenA lo largo de tres experimentos investigamos el proceso de comprension de episodios interpersonales narrados. Se puso a prueba la hipotesis de que las personas, a partir de la lectura u observacion de la conducta interpersonal, infieren la relacion entre los protagonistas de una narracion. En los experimentos 1 y 2 los sujetos leian una situacion que requeria que uno de los protagonistas se involucrase positivamente con el otro. En el experimento 1 comprobamos que los sujetos tardaban menos tiempo en leer la relacion interpersonal cuando aparecia despues de la conduta del protagonista comprometido que cuando aparecia antes. En el experimento 2 encontramos que cuando dicha conducta era positiva se facilitaba la lectura de una relacion proxima frente a una distante, lo que no ocurria cuando la conducta era negativa. En el experimento 3, donde se replico el experimento 2 pero presentando los episodios mediante vinetas de comics, se encontraron unos efectos similares a los del experimento 2.Los resulta...

Carefully Encoding Approach/Avoidance Body Locomotion With Interpersonal Conduct in Narrated Interactions

Approach and avoidance tendencies towards valenced others could be associated with our interpersonal conduct towards them: helping would be associated with approach tendency, and harming (or denying help) would be associated with avoidance. We propose that the encoding of this association enjoys attentional priority, as approach/avoidance representations of past interactions would regulate ones predisposition to either help or harm in subsequent interactions. Participants listened to interactions conveying positive/negative conduct between 2 characters. The conduct verb was then presented visually with a cue prompting participants to quickly step forward or backward. Subsequently, they performed a recognition task of noncentral story details. In matching conditions (positive conduct-step forward, negative conduct-step backward) the concurrent step should interfere with the encoding of motor representation of the conduct verb, and the verb encoding should divert attentional resources from the consolidation of memory traces of less relevant information. Results showed the predicted impairment in the recognition task in matching conditions, which supports an attentional bias towards encoding motor approach/avoidance representation of interpersonal conduct in the process of comprehending narrated interactions.

Understanding approach and avoidance in verbal descriptions of everyday actions: An ERP study

Understanding verbal descriptions of everyday actions could involve the neural representation of action direction (avoidance and approach) toward persons and things. We recorded the electrophysiological activity of participants while they were reading approach/avoidance action sentences that were directed toward a target: a thing/a person (i.e., “Petra accepted/rejected Ramón in her group”/ “Petra accepted/rejected the receipt of the bank”). We measured brain potentials time locked to the target word. In the case of things, we found a N400-like component with right frontal distribution modulated by approach/avoidance action. This component was more negative in avoidance than in approach sentences. In the case of persons, a later negative event-related potential (545–750 ms) with left frontal distribution was sensitive to verb direction, showing more negative amplitude for approach than avoidance actions. In addition, more negativity in approach-person sentences was associated with fear avoidance trait, whereas less negativity in avoidance-person sentences was associated with a greater approach trait. Our results support that verbal descriptions of approach/avoidance actions are encoded differently depending on whether the target is a thing or a person. Implications of these results for a social, emotional and motivational understanding of action language are discussed.