Eliane Aparecida Del Lama

Urban Geotourism and the Old Centre of São Paulo City, Brazil

The use of geotouristic trails will be an efficient means of publicising geosciences. The proposal here is a trail in the old centre of São Paulo City, Brazil, describing the main types of stones that have ornamented buildings since the nineteenth century when São Paulo ceased to be a city of taipa (rammed earth) buildings and became the masonry city of the republic. Itaquera Granite is one of the most important stones in the ornamentation of the floors and facades in this new phase of construction in the city of São Paulo. Later, other types of stones were used, such as the Mauá, Ubatuba, Itupeva and Piracaia granites, as well as imported stones, such as travertine and lioz limestone. There is also a discussion of the influence of geomorphology in the establishment of the former urban core, with the location of the so-called Historic Triangle at higher topographic levels. This paper discusses the history and evolution of São Paulo City and its relation to the local geology.

Impacto do intemperismo no arenito de revestimento do Teatro Municipal de São Paulo

The Municipal Theater is one of the post cards of Sao Paulo city. It was built in 1911 and its frontal facade is revested with Itarare Sandstone. This sandstone comes from the Flona de Ipanema (Ipanema National Forest) area, located in Ipero, Sao Paulo State. Formerly this place included the Royal Ipanema Iron Factory, and nowadays it is a historical, archaeological and natural heritage site. The theatre facade is quite deteriorated due to the petrographic composition of the rock. The Itarare Sandstone is stratified with sigmoidal features and with grain size ranging from fine to coarse. Petrographically it is a feldspathic sandstone with clayey matrix in variable proportions. X-ray diffractometry analyses revealed that this matrix is constituted mainly by clay minerals of the smectite group with additional contributions of chlorite and illite. Mercury porosimetry shows that the porosity ranges from 10% to 18%. Mapping of the facade identified the following alteration forms: biological colonization, concretion, erosion, peeling, fissure, incrustation, open joint, spalling, stain, plaque, plaquette and vegetation. The industrialization and city growth did not play a significant role in the alteration of the building stone of the Sao Paulo Municipal Theater. Instead, this process is intrinsic to the petrographic characteristics (presence of expansive clay minerals, high porosity) and structure of the sandstone utilized, making it unsuitable as building stone.

GEOLOGIA E HERANÇA CULTURAL

Cultural heritage studies require a multidisciplinary approach and the geologist working in this field must interact with others experts, like as restorers, archaeologists, architects, chemists, engineers, biologists, to subsidize all works, which must be done. There are several contributions from geology to cultural heritage preservation. This research line is important to the community due the technological cooperation for the preservation of the cultural objects, and increases the possibilities for geologists work.

Aspectos geológicos, históricos e estado de conservação das fortificações da Baixada Santista, litoral paulista

Military fortifications were built at strategic locations in Brazil for the purpose of defending the territory. Currently, many of them are protected by law as representatives of the colonial period and are used for tourist purposes. The aim of this study is to identify the types of stones used in the construction of military fortifications built between sixteenth and twentieth centuries on the coast of Sao Paulo State within the municipalities of Bertioga, Guaruja and Praia Grande and infer the probable origin of these stones. Identification of the type of material used in these constructions allows a better understanding of the history, culture, technical and geodiversity at the time of their construction. The evaluation of their condition and current use is intended to support actions to which the fortifications may be submitted in order to preserve and maintain the cultural heritage in stone. The fortifications were constructed mainly with granites and gneisses that crop out in the region. Although some of them are listed by the National Institute for Historical and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN) and are the focus of tourism, some of them are deteriorated and require repair in order to conserve and preserve these fortifications, which represent a period in the defense of the State of Sao Paulo.

Ultrasound technique to assess the physical conditions of the Monument to Ramos de Azevedo, city of São Paulo, Brazil

This paper presents the evaluation of the conservation of the Monument to Ramos de Azevedo through a study of the ultrasound pulse velocity. The Monument to Ramos de Azevedo is of great importance for the history of the city of Sao Paulo (Brazil), because it honors the architect who was fundamental in the architectural and social development of the city. This monument was built with Itaquera Granite, a stone widely used in the cultural heritage of the city, which is more specifically called biotite monzogranite. The equipment used was the V-Meter Mark III and only P waves were used with 54 kHz transducers. Several measurements were taken on the monument and on fresh stone, and the results were compared. Results showed that the stone is in good condition even after changing locations twice because the values are very close to those of the fresh sample. The low values were attributed to internal discontinuities or biotite enclaves, the latter being very common in the Itaquera Granite.

Study of mural paintings by Fulvio Pennacchi in São Paulo City by mineralogical techniques

The present research deals with two mural paintings made in 1947 with the fresco technique by Fulvio Pennacchi in the Catholic Chapel of the Hospital das Clinicas (Sao Paulo City, Brazil), namely the Virgin Annunciation and the Supper at Emmaus. This study regards the materials and painting techniques used by the artist, based on historical research, on in situ observations and laboratory analytical techniques (stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive spectrometer, X-ray diffractometry, electron microprobe, images obtained with UV-light), aiming to improve the methods of characterization of objects of our cultural heritage, and to enhance its preservation accordingly. Theresultsleadtotheidentificationoftheplastercomponentsandofdistinctlayersinthefrescoes, besides further information on grain size, impurities and textures, composition of pigments, and features of deterioration, such as efflorescences. The degree of degradation of the murals painting was assessed by this way. Our data suggest that a single layer of plaster was used by Pennacchi, as a common mortar with fine- and medium-grained aggregates. Differences in texture were obtained by adding gypsum to the plaster.

Multi-technique investigation of potshards of a cerrito (earthen mound) from southern Brazil

The physicochemical investigation of ceramics crafted and managed by ancient humans allows a better understanding of their social, technological, economical, routine and artistic activities. The Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul presents the biggest number of registered archaeological sites in the country, and many of them are earthen mounds, locally known as cerritos de indios. This kind of archaeological site is of utmost importance to understand the social development of the biome Pampa - including areas from Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay - and almost nothing is known about the physicochemical composition of the artifacts from the Brazilian portion. In this work we investigated the mineral phases present in archaeological ceramics from the cerrito Pavão I (PSG-20) by means of white light microscopy (petrography), Raman micro-spectroscopy, XRD and XRF spectroscopies, and FTIR-ATR. Different minerals were identified and allowed to propose a firing temperature of ca. 500-650 °C. It was also suggested that the makers used both oxidizing and reducing atmospheres, that more than one clay source was used to prepare the ceramics, and that trace elements are present in different shards. Regarding the multi-analytical technique approach, the results highlight the importance of complementary investigations and underline the role of Raman micro-spectroscopy for these objects.

Inventário e avaliação quantitativa do patrimônio geológico de Bertioga (SP, Brasil)

Bertioga is located on the coast of Sao Paulo State and is well known for outstanding geodiversity. This work aims to discuss the methodological approach used for the inventory and for the quantitative assessment of the Bertioga’s geological heritage. The selection of the sites the inventory was carried out based on: (i) literature review; (ii) interviews with researchers who conduct geoscience research in the region; (iii) analysis of geological and structural maps and satellite images, for identified potential areas; (iv) field work; and (v) selection and description of the sites. The inventory include eight geosites, three geodiversity sites for educational use and one for touristic use, which are representative of the geological history of the municipality. The quantification of geological heritage was performed based on existing methods and the relevance of the sites was obtained and is intended to guide the choice of future geoconservation strategies. In accordance with the results, only the geosite River Capture of Guaratuba River obtained the same ranking in different methods. Based on the results, we compared the ranking obtained between the methods for available which parameters responsible for the different results. There are thirteen environmental protection areas within the municipality’s limits, the priority is conservation of biodiversity, and actually, there is no proposal for the conservation of the geodiversity. Through the results of evaluation of degradation risk, we conclude although some sites are within the protected areas, some have moderate risk of degradation and need public policies for their management.

Potential for Urban Geotourism: Churches and Cemeteries

The practice of tourism in urban areas exploring geological aspects is called urban geotourism. Despite the possibility of finding natural rock outcrops in a city, urban geotourism has more bias toward built heritage, focused on stone materials. Cemeterial geotourism and ecclesiastical geotourism are branches of this activity. Cemeteries and churches all over the world have a very diverse petrographic collection, and this information could be explored in the itineraries of the existing visits, enriching the tour and contributing to the dissemination of geosciences. Urban geotourism is still underexplored in Brazil, but these geotrails are gradually emerging. The present work explores the potential of cemeteries and churches, both in Brazil and abroad, as appropriate places to know one of the most important building materials: stone.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA ARGAMASSA E CAMADAS PICTÓRICAS DA PINTURA MURAL "ALEGORIA AO DESENVOLVIMENTO INDUSTRIAL PAULISTA" DE FULVIO PENNACCHI)

Resumo Os processos de preservacao, conservacao e restauracao de obras artisticas envolvem diversas areas do conhecimento, exigindo a atuacao de equipes multidisciplinares. A Geologia tem muito a contribuir com o tema, pela identificacao e caracterizacao de materiais geologicos e suas patologias. Este trabalho objetiva a descricao das camadas pictoricas da pintura mural Alegoria ao Desenvolvimento Industrial Paulista do artista Fulvio Pennacchi. Para a descricao material e textural das lâminas foi utilizado microscopio petrografico Zeiss AXIOPLAN 2. A partir das observacoes constatou-se que tanto nas camadas de reboco quanto nas camadas pictoricas foi utilizada argamassa de cal. Estudos historicos sobre a obra e as tecnicas utilizadas pelo artista sugerem que este mural foi feito predominantemente com a tecnica do afresco, como podemos inferir a partir da observacao das camadas pictoricas de quatro das cinco amostras estudadas. Esta tecnica consiste na aplicacao de uma camada fina de argamassa de cal (com ou sem agregados muito finos para texturizacao) sobre a parede previamente aplainada, camada esta que recebe pigmentos enquanto ainda se encontra umida. Durante a secagem, os pigmentos se fixam por coesao. As camadas pictoricas das quatro amostras que apresentam caracteristicas de afresco sao compostas de argamassa de cal com ou sem agregados de granulacao muito fina; em duas delas a argamassa apresenta-se bem cristalizada, com cristais de calcita bem definidos, nas outras duas a cristalizacao foi incipiente, com textura de lama carbonatica. A quinta amostra, apesar de exibir a mesma sequencia de camadas das outras quatro, aparece recoberta por uma camada mais externa composta por material opaco sob o microscopio petrografico, sugerindo tratar-se de material amorfo. Palavras Chave: pintura mural, petrografia, argamassa historica Abstract CARACTERIZATION OF MORTAR AND PICTORIAL LAYERS OF PAINTING MURAL ALEGORIA TO PAULISTA INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF FULVIO PENNACCHI. The processes of preservation, conservation and restoration of art works involve different areas of expertise, requiring the work of multidisciplinary teams. Geology has much to contribute to these practices, through the identification and characterization of geological materials and their pathologies. This work aims to describe the pictorial layers of the mural Alegoria ao Desenvolvimento Industrial Paulista painted by the artist Fulvio Pennacchi. For the description of the material sand textures, thin sections were prepared and studied under binocular petrographic microscope Zeiss AXIOPLAN 2.From the observations, it was found that both plaster and pictorial layers are composed of lime mortar. Historical studies on the mural and on the techniques used by the artist suggest that it was painted predominantly with the fresco technique, as can beinferred from the observation of the pictorial layers from four of the five samples studied. This technique consists of applying a thin layer of lime mortar (with or without very fine aggregates, for texturing) on the previously levelled wall, which receives pigments while it is still humid. During drying, the pigments are fixed by cohesion. The pictorial layer of the four samples showing fresco characteristics are composed of lime mortar with or without very fine grained aggregates; one of themis composed of subhedral calcite/dolomite crystals, the others present incipient crystallization, with carbonate mud texture. The fifth sample, despite displaying the same sequence of layers of the other four, appear coated by an outer layer composed of opaque material under the petrographic microscope, with characteristics of amorphous material. Keywords: mural painting, petrography, historical mortar