Eliane Maria Ribeiro da Silva

Atributos químicos e físicos de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo em sistema integrado de produção agroecológica

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of agroecological management systems on physical and chemical attributes of an Udult soil. The following areas were selected: conventional tillage (corn/beans); no tillage (eggplant/corn); consortium of passion fruit/Desmodium sp.; fig cultivation; and an agroforestry system (AFS). The undisturbed soil samples were taken from two layers (0-5 and 5-10 cm) and in two periods, the summer of 2005 and the winter of 2006. The soil properties analyzed were: bulk density (Ds), total pore volume, mean weight diameter (MWD) and mean geometric diameter (MGD) of aggregates, pH, Al, Ca+Mg, K, H+Al, P, and total organic carbon (TOC). The highest values of Ds, P and K were observed in the fig area. The system with corn/beans had the lowest MWD and MGD values. The highest values of MWD and MGD were observed in the passion fruit/Desmodium and eggplant/corn systems. Differences in TOC were greater at the 5-10 cm depth. Soil in the AFS had the highest percentage of total porosity. The analysis of main components showed that the area cultivated with fig had the highest soil fertility.

Communities of P-Solubilizing Bacteria, Fungi and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in grass pasture and secondary forest of Paraty, RJ - Brazil*

Communities of P-solubilizing bacteria, fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, were evaluated in two different ecosystems. Samplings taken from two areas of Atlantic forest, in Paraty-RJ, Brazil, one with a secondary forest and the other with a grass pasture were studied. Four growth media: GL (glucose and yeast extract), GES (glucose, soil extract, KNO3, CaCl2, MgSO4, NaCl, FeEDTA and micronutrients solution), GAGES (glucose, soil extract, arabinose, glycerol, CaCl2, MgSO4 and NaCl) and GELP (glucose, soil extract, yeast extract, peptone, CaCl2, MgSO4 and NaCl) were evaluated for the isolation of P-solubilizing microorganisms. The identification of P-solubilizing bacteria was based on 16 S rDNA sequence analysis, while the identification of P-solubilizing fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was based on morphology. The greatest number of P-solubilizing bacteria was isolated using GL and GELP growth media. The greatest number of P-solubilizing fungi was isolated using GAGES and GES. The bacteria were identified as Enterobacteriaceae and Bacillus sp., while the P-solubilizing fungi were identified as Aspergillus sp. Glomus macrocarpum and Glomus etunicatum were the dominant mycorrhizal fungi in the secondary forest and grass pasture area, respectively.

Carbono e frações granulométricas da matéria orgânica do solo sob sistemas de produção orgânica

The soil organic matter (SOM) granulometry fractioning can contribute to the understanding of the SOM dynamics in areas under organic production systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the granulometry fractions of SOM and total organic carbon in areas with organic management systems and under different soil usages. The selected areas presented the following systems: conventional tillage (CT, corn/beans), no tillage (NT, eggplant/corn), passion fruit and Desmodium sp consortium, fig grove, and agroforest system (AFS). Soil samples were taken in two depths (0-5 and 5-10cm) and two periods of the year (17/11/2005 - summer and 23/06/2006 - winter). The total organic carbon (TOC) was evaluated, and calculated the TOC stocks. The SOM was granulometrically fractioned, obtaining the particulate organic carbon (POC) and organic carbon associated to minerals (OCam). The fig grove and eggplant/corn areas presented the highest TOC and TOC stocks in the summer season. In the winter the crop rotation (NT and CT) systems were more efficient in the stocking of TOC that the other systems. There were observed highest TOC variations in the 5-10cm depth, resulting from the management systems adopted. From the POC values it was possible to identify differences among all systems evaluated, in the summer season and in the 0-5cm depth, standing out the area with no tillage, which showed the highest values, in the two seasons. The POC was more efficient than the TOC, in the summer, to evidence differences among the evaluated soil usage systems, in the 0-5cm depth. The differences observed among the production systems for OCam were attributed to the constant usage of organic manure.

Phosphate solubilization and synergism between P-solubilizing and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

The objective of this work was to evaluate the ability of several P-solubilizing fungi to solubilize aluminum phosphate and Araxa apatite as well as the synergism between the P-solubilizing fungus, PSF 7, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to promote clover growth amended with aluminum phosphate. Two experiments were carried out, the first under laboratory conditions and the second in a controlled environmental chamber. In the first experiment, PSF 7, PSF 9, PSF 21 and PSF 22 isolates plus control were incubated in liquid medium at 28oC for eight days. On the 2nd, 4th and 8th day of incubation, pH and soluble P were determined. In the second experiment, clover was sowed in plastic pots containing 300 g of sterilized substrate amended with aluminum phosphate, 3 g L-1, in presence and absence of PSF 7 isolate and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. A completely randomized design, in factorial outline 2x2 (presence and absence of PSF 7 and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) and five replicates were used. In the first experiment, higher P content was detected in the medium containing aluminum phosphate. PSF 7 is the best fungi isolate which increases aluminum solubilization with major tolerance to Al3+. Clover growth was stimulated by presence of PSF 7 and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. There is synergism between microorganisms utilized to improve plant nutrition.

Efeito de pré-cultivos sobre o potencial de inóculo de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e produção da mandioca

The effect of pre-crops on the inoculum potential (IP) of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and yield of cassava was evaluated on a Red-Yellow Podzolic soil in the field. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa-Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Agrobiologia (CNPAB), Seropedica, RJ, Brazil, in plots with 30 m2 arranged in a randomised block design with four replications. As pre-crops, four legume species were used: Canavalia ensiformis, Mucuna aterrina, Crotalaria juncea and Cajanus cajan; and a grass Sorghum bicolor (BR 005) in relation to plots, without plants. After a grow period of 82 days, at the same plots, cassava stakes were planted, which were grown for eight months. The yield of cassava roots ranged from 12.76 to 17.20 ton ha-1, although no statistical significant effects were found between the treatments. There were 16 AMF species identified, and some of them had a significant frequency changement after the growing cycles. The number of infective propagules were significantly increased after sorghum crop in relation to plots without plants. It was showed that identification of plant species capable to increase the IP in the field soils may be a good alternative way to solve the problem of inoculum production to mycotrophic crops in the field.

Carbono orgânico total, biomassa microbiana e atividade enzimática do solo de áreas agrícolas, florestais e pastagem no médio Vale do Paraíba do Sul (RJ)

Soil characteristics such as total organic carbon (TOC), microbial biomass and enzymatic activity are influenced by many factors and have been suggested as suitable indicators of changes caused by different land use systems and soil management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the COT, microbial biomass and enzymatic activity of a typical Inceptisol in agricultural, forest and grassland areas in the Middle Valley of the Paraiba do Sul river (RJ). The systems evaluated were: annual agriculture (Agan); perennial agriculture (PAg), pasture, early secondary forest (SFEA) intermediate secondary forest (SFSM) in advanced succession stage (SFEA). Soil samples were collected from the 0-5 cm layer in two different seasons (dry and rainy) to determine the total organic carbon (TOC) and biological properties (microbial biomass - CBM; microbial biomass N- NBM; basal respiration - RB; metabolic quotient - qCO2; microbial quotient - qMIC, and activity of the enzymes arylsulfatase, β-glucosidase and acid phosphatase). The soil of the agricultural areas showed a reduction in the TOC and biological properties (enzyme activity and carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen) compared to pasture and forest. The principal component analysis distinguished the agricultural systems from the forest and pasture systems. It was observed that in both periods, the SFSM and pasture were associated with the COT and most biological factors, as opposed to the agricultural systems.

Selection of Leguminous Trees Associated with Symbiont Microorganisms for Phytoremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil

Leguminous trees have a potential for phytoremediation of oil-contaminated areas for its symbiotic association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This study selects leguminous tree associated with symbiotic microorganisms that have the potential to remediate petroleum-contaminated soil. Seven species of trees were tested: Acacia angustissima, Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia holosericea, Acacia mangium, Mimosa artemisiana, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, and Samanea saman. They were inoculated with AMF mix and nitrogen-fixing bacteria mix and cultivated over five oil levels in soils, with five replicates. The decreasing of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) values occurred especially with S. saman and its symbiotic microorganisms on highest oil soil contamination. Despite the large growth of A. angustissima and M. caesalpiniifolia on the highest level of oil, these species and its inoculated microorganisms did not reduce the soil TPH. Both plants were hydrocarbon tolerant but not able to remediate the polluted soil. In contrast were significative hydrocarbon decrease with M. artemisiana under high oil concentrations, but plant growth was severely affected. Results suggest that the ability of the plants to decrease the soil concentration of TPH is not directly related to its growth and adaptation to conditions of contamination, but the success of the association between plants and its symbionts that seem to play a critical role on remediation efficiency.

Quantificação do carbono das substâncias húmicas em diferentes sistemas de uso do solo e épocas de avaliação

The quantification of carbon in different fractions of soil organic matter (SOM) is necessary because of the interest in understanding the potential to capture and store carbon in various soil use systems. The objective of this study was to quantify the carbon of humic substances in different soil use systems and evaluation seasons and correlate it with some chemical and physical properties of a 6%-clayey soil. The systems selected were: conventional tillage (CT-maize/common beans), no tillage (NT-eggplant/maize), passion fruit/Desmodium sp consortium, fig grove, and agroforest system. Soil samples were taken at two depths (0-5 and 5-10 cm) in two seasons of the year (17/11/2005 - summer and 23/06/2006 - winter). The total organic carbon (TOC) was determinated by wet combustion and SOM chemical fractioning was conducted following IHSS method, with determination of organic carbon in humin fraction (C-HUM), humic acid fraction (C-HAF) and fulvic acid fraction (C-FAF). Most of TOC consisted of C-HUM showing significant correlation with TOC in all evaluated systems and seasons. Values of C-FAH showed soil changes due to the use systems at 0-5cm depth in summer, particularly NT which showed the highest C-FAH values. The C-FAF showed similar pattern, but at 5-10cm depth in winter, especially CT. Except for CT, there were found significant correlations between S value, T value and DMP in all systems. Compared to CT, NT showed increasing levels of C-FAH at both depths and in both seasons.

Solubilização de fosfatos em meios sólido e líquido por bactérias e fungos do solo

The objective of this work was to evaluate the ability and efficiency of solubilization of CaHPO4, AlPO4 and Araxa apatite in solid medium, and AlPO4 and Araxa apatite in liquid medium. Soil P-solubilizing fungi (Aspergillus) and P-solubilizing bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae) were tested. In solid medium, all isolates solubilized CaHPO4, not any isolate solubilized Araxa apatite, and one fungus isolate (PSF 7) solubilized AlPO4. In liquid medium, all isolates solubilized AlPO4 and Araxa apatite. Screening of P-solubilizing microorganisms must be done by quantifying their potential of phosphate solubilization in liquid growth medium.

Influência do sistema de plantio sobre atributos dendrométricos e fauna edáfica, em área degradada pela extração de argila

The intercropping of Eucalyptus with legumes can promote an improvement of soil biological quality in degraded areas and also be advantageous for the species of the consortium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of planting systems (monoculture and consortium) of Acacia mangium (AM), Sesbania virgata (SV) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (EC) on the biological characteristics of the plants (dendrometric attributes) and specifically on the fauna in the litter and the surface soil layer (0-0.05 m). An experiment in a randomized block was conducted with six treatments and three replications. The treatments used to evaluate the dendrometric attributes were: 100 % EC and 100 % AM; 50 % EC + 50 % AM; 50 % EC + 50 % SV; 50 % AM + 50 % SV). To evaluate the soil fauna, biological characteristics were assessed in treatments with: 100 % EC; 100 % AM; 100 % SV; 50 % EC:50 % SV; and 50 % AM:50 % SV. Forty-eight months after planting, the height (H) and diameter at breast height (DBH) of the species EC and AM were measured, and estimates of basal area (BA) and wood volume with bark per tree (WBT). The abundance and diversity of the soil fauna were evaluated in leaf litter and soil (0.0-0.05 m). When intercropped with legumes, the DBH, BA and WBT of EC were higher. In contrast, for AM these variables were unaltered when intercropped with EC and SV. Plantations of EC-SV consortium promoted higher total abundance of organisms and highest values of Shannon diversity and evenness indices, especially with regard to the litter compartment.