Elio José Santini

Propriedades físico-mecânicas de painéis aglomerados produzidos com diferentes proporções de madeira e casca de arroz

This work aimed at evaluating the quality of particleboard manufactured with different wood proportions ( Eucalyptus grandis ) and rice husk. The composites were produced in the proportions 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of rice husk with the use of urea-formaldehyde and tannin-formaldehyde adhesives. In order to characterize the quality of the particleboards, physical properties (density; moisture content; water absorption and thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours of immersion in water) and mechanical properties (static bending; internal bonding and screw withdrawal) were considered. Results showed that increasing rice husk proportion caused larger instability and a decrease in the resistance of particleboards. Particleboards manufactured with tannin-formaldehyde resins presented higher quality when compared to urea-formaldehyde.

Efeito da intensidade de desbaste nas características dendrométricas e tecnológicas da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of different thinning intensities in the dendrometric and technological characteristics of 14 years-old Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden wood sited in the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul. Randomized blocks experiment, with four treatments (T1 = 1638 trees/ha; T2 = 1150 trees/ha; T4 = 589 trees/ha and T8 = 192 trees/ha) and four repetitions was analyzed. The trees were selected on the basis of the dominant and average diameter of each treatment. After cutting down, trees were measured and the volume was determined by the Smalian method, disks were taken at the base 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the commercial height, and at the DBH (diameter at breast height), for basic density, dry mass and radial shrinkage determination. In relation to the dendrometric characteristics, results indicate that the application of more severe thinning caused significant gain in diameter at breast height, height and volume in average trees, not influencing the dominant ones. Concerning the technological characteristics, results indicate that the basic density of the average trees was influenced by thinning; however, without presenting clear trend regarding the intensity of the intervention. The production of dry mass of the average trees increased with the thinning intensity and did not affect the production of the dominant trees. The radial shrinkage of the dominant and average trees grew up in the pith-to-bark direction, not being modified by thinning intensity. Results allow concluding that the silvicultural interventions applied in the forest influence wood quality.

Qualidade de chapas de partículas de madeira aglomerada fabricadas com resíduos de uma indústria de celulose.

The objective of this work was to investigate the quality of particleboards made with Eucalyptus saligna wood residues, resulting from the chiping of logs for pulp production. The boards were producted with two types of residues, sticks and sawdust, used pure. The adhesive used was urea-formaldehyde resin in proportions of 4, 8 and 12% (based on ovendry weight of wood particles) and the nominal densities were 0.55, 0.65 and 0.75 g/cm 3 . Bending properties, internal bond, screw withdrawal, water absorption and thickness swelling ware evaluated. The results indicated that the bending properties, internal bond and screw withdrawal were slightly higher with the sawdust type residue than boards made with sticktype residue. For water absorption, the values increased with the reduction of the density, for both type of particles. Thickness swelling increased with the reduction of resin proportion, independent of the type of residue used. Results showed that using both particles type with larger resin proportion and larger densities, boards with acceptable quality can be made.

Durabilidade natural da madeira de três espécies florestais em ensaios de campo.

This work aimed to evaluate the natural durability of heartwood and sapwood of Luhea divaricata , Carya illinoinensis and Platanus x acerifolia . Test samples measuring 2.5 x 2.5 x 30.0 cm (radial x tangential x longitudinal) were placed in a pine forest stand and an open field. During a year, the samples were repeatedly weighed and evaluated by a rating system to determine mass loss and decay index, respectively. The results showed that regardless of species and type of wood, the forest environment is more favourable to decay than that of the open field. Despite the high correlation between mass loss and decay index, variations in the durability of wood were found between these parameters. The wood from the internal section of the log (sapwood) was the more affected. For mass loss, no significant variation was observed for the species analyzed, however, for the decay index Platanus x acerifolia was shown to be the most affected.

Qualidade da madeira serrada na região da Quarta Colônia de Imigração Italiana do Rio Grande do Sul.

This study was undertaken with the objective of evaluating the quality of the sawed wood produced in the Area of the Fourth Colony of Italian Immigration in Rio Grande do Sul. Three plants processing pine wood were investigated with respect to sawing and drying methods and moisture content of the industrial wood. The main method used was air seasoning and the resulting defects observed influenced the quality of the sawed wood negatively, suggesting the need of improving the process. However, the average moisture content was in agreement with the standards recommended for air seasoned wood. About 75% of the sawed wood of the area was classed as first when green. After drying, only 45% were first while 45% were of third grade. The remaining 10% were classed as super, extra or of second quality.

Propriedades físicas de chapas de partículas aglomeradas fabricadas com resíduos de processamento mecânico da madeira de Pinus elliotii Engelm.

The objective of this research was the investigation of dimensional stability of particleboard made with slash pine wood residues. The boards were manufactured with chips and shaves, resulting from sawmill and planermill industries, respectively, used pure or mixed. The adhesive used was urea-formaldehyde in proportions of 4, 8 and 12%, based on the ovendry weight of the particles. Board density investigated were 0.6 and 0.7 g/cm 3 . The properties evaluated were water absorption and thickness swelling. The best boards were those made of shaves glued with 8 and 12% adhesive content.

Propriedades de flexão estática da madeira úmida e a 12% de umidade de um clone de Eucalyptus saligna Smith sob o efeito do espaçamento e da adubação.

The bending properties of a Eucalyptus saligna Smith clone were studied. Thirty trees, with age of approximately ten years, coming from Klabin-Riocell forests were used in the tests. The specimens, manufactured following ASTM D143-94 (1995), were tested in two series: after conditioning in standard room (20 0 C and 65% relative humidity) or after water soaking. The results indicated values 1,296 and 1,4 times larger for air-dried when compared to moist wood, for bending stiffness and strength, respectively. Wood density, modulus of rupture and elasticity increased with fertilization and tree spacing.

Determinação das deformações residuais longitudinais decorrentes das tensões de crescimento em Eucalyptus spp.

This study was carried out to determine the longitudinal residual strain (DRL) resulting from growth stress in standing trees, in different clones of Eucalyptus spp. Twelve clones of 9-year-Eucalyptus spp. were selected by basal area (G). From each clone, 12 trees of each clone were selected, and the following variables were measured: basic density (DB), bark thickness (EC), diameter at breast height (DBH) and total height (H). The measurements of DRL were performed in living trees, using an extensometer(Growth Strain Gauge), according to the CIRAD-Foret method. Readings were taken at four locations around the tree trunk. In relation to the levels of DRL, the results obtained in the study indicated that the clones showed large variations among themselves, presenting values considered high ones when compared with the results found in literature. The clone 8 was distinguished by having the lowest levels of strain and was considered as a suitable and recommended material for the production of solid wood and for breeding programs. On

Uso de estufa solar para secagem de madeira serrada

This study aimed at evaluating the use of a solar kiln for the drying of woods of Eucalyptus tereticornis , Eucalyptus saligna and Corymbia citriodora , as well as comparing such a methodology to the air seasoning practice. In order to do so, it was built a solar kiln composed basically of wood structures, roofing with a double layer of PVC, sunlight internal collector and hot air circulation systems. The efficiency of the solar kiln was compared to the air seasoning in drying time and wood quality. In the same drying schedule, each species was submitted to the two drying approaches using a load of 55 boards in each method. Results indicated that the solar kiln was more efficient in drying time, around 2 to 5 times faster and final moisture content lower than the air drying. Adequate wood quality was observed in both drying methods, and no defects such as cup or collapse were observed. Furthermore, the correct piling up and drying process provided minimization of defects such as bow. The incidence of crook, end and surface checks were not significantly distinct between solar drying and air seasoning for the three woods studied.

Estimativa da idade de segregação do lenho juvenil e adulto por meio de parâmetros anatômicos para madeira de Luehea divaricata Mart.

This study aimed at determining the age of demarcation of juvenile and mature wood of Luehea divaricata Mart., using anatomical characteristics. Three adult trees, in good trunk, with diameter at DBH larger than 30 cm, from Encosta Superior do Nordeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, were selected. Discs with thickness of 2 cm at 0.1 m of height from the base of the trunk were used. From each disc a radial ribbon 2 cm wide including the pith was removed. The initial wood of each growth ring was separated for maceration (method of Jeffrey). There were measured length and diameter of thirty fibers from each growth ring. Demarcation of the two types of wood was defined by the radial variation (pith-bark) of the anatomical characteristics (length, diameter, width of the lumen and wall thickness of fibers), using simple linear regression. Results indicate that fiber length is the best characteristic, while fiber diameter, lumen width and wall thickness were considered inadequate for demarcation. The age of demarcation of juvenile and mature wood of Luehea divaricata was defined as 21 years-old, approximately.