Elisabeth de Oliveira

Estrutura anatômica da madeira e qualidade do carvão de Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir

The objective of this work was to determine anatomical characteristics, and dimensions of fibers, vessels and parenchyma and ray cells of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir wood. Fibers wall fraction, the percentage of fibers, vessels and ray and parenchyma cells, as well as density and charcoal production and properties were determined. The wood of Mimosa teniflora presents predominantly solitary, geminated and multiple porous in radial groups; porous distributed in uniform diffuse porosity; axial parenchyma paratracheal vasicentric, confluent vasicentric, aliform and confluent aliform; multiseriate, biseiat rays and, less frequently, uniseriate ones; very short fibers with thick walls. Charcoal yield was 39.68% with a 0.51g/cm3 density, 71.79% carbon content and 6886cal/g calorific value.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICO-MECÂNICA DO LAMINADO COLADO DE BAMBU (Dendrocalamus giganteus)

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the preservative treatment effect and the adhesive type in physical-mechanical properties of glue laminated bamboo (GLB) of Dendrocalamus giganteus . Thus, the bamboo stems were treated by immersion method with chemical product (solution of 1% of active ingredients of copper chrome borate - CCB) and water by 15 days. Before treating the stems, the external and internal parts were removed to obtain the flat strips of bamboo with 4 mm of thickness, 45 cm of length and 5 cm of width. The “Cascophen RS” (resorcinol-formaldehyde) and “Cascorez-extra” (polyvinyl acetate) commercial adhesives were used to bond the flat strips. The resorcinol-formaldehyde adhesive showed superior moisture resistance than polyvinyl resin to GLB, and the samples obtained of pieces treated with CCB were more stable than treated with water. Among the mechanical properties tested, the adhesive factor was significant for the resistance to shear parallel to glue line and the preservative treatment for the rigidity. The interaction of the factors adhesive and treatment was significant for the rigidity, resistance to parallel compression and shear parallel to glue line. The pieces treated with water and adhered with resorcinol-formaldehyde presented better results for the rigidity and parallel compression to the fibers and those treated with CCB, for the shear parallel to glue line.

Relationship between the characteristics of wood and charcoal of two Caatinga tree species.

The Caatinga vegetation is explored for energy, but there are few studies on the relationship between of the characteristics of wood and its energy potential. Therefore, this study aimed to relate the characteristics of wood and charcoal of Poincianella pyramidalis and Handroanthus impetiginosus species. To this end, five trees of each species were felled, and parts of 30 cm in length were removed at 0 (base), 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the commercial height of the trees. This material was used for determination of the characteristics of wood and charcoal. P. pyramidalis produced greater yield of charcoal compared with H. impetiginosus; however, the wood of the latter species presented better characteristics for energy purposes. The two species showed different relations between anatomical, physicochemical and energy characteristics. The knowledge about the disparity between the relations of the wood characteristics enables its most adequate use for energy purposes.

Relações entre as Características da Madeira e do Carvão Vegetal de duas Espécies da Caatinga / Relationship between the Characteristics of Wood and Charcoal of two Caatinga Tree Species

The Caatinga vegetation is explored for energy, but there are few studies on the relationship between of the characteristics of wood and its energy potential. Therefore, this study aimed to relate the characteristics of wood and charcoal of Poincianella pyramidalis and Handroanthus impetiginosus species. To this end, five trees of each species were felled, and parts of 30 cm in length were removed at 0 (base), 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the commercial height of the trees. This material was used for determination of the characteristics of wood and charcoal. P. pyramidalis produced greater yield of charcoal compared with H. impetiginosus; however, the wood of the latter species presented better characteristics for energy purposes. The two species showed different relations between anatomical, physicochemical and energy characteristics. The knowledge about the disparity between the relations of the wood characteristics enables its most adequate use for energy purposes.

Quality of Eucalyptus Wood Grown in Rio de Janeiro State for Bioenergy

This study aimed to evaluate the Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus saligna, from production areas of Rio de Janeiro State, intended for energy use. The selection consisted of six trees per specie, at six years old. The wood samples had its basic density determined, then, was subjected to the pyrolysis process with 500 °C of final temperature. Charcoal, pyroligneous liquid and non-condensable gases yields were determined. In addition, the charcoal had its immediate analysis performed to determine the levels of volatiles matter, fixed carbon and ash content. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and principal component analysis. The correlation analysis and principal component analysis were effective to predict recommended species. Based on the results, the most recommended specie for energy purposes was the Eucalyptus grandis.

Measurement of Tannic Substances in Forest Species

This study aimed to quantify the tannic content of the barks and fruit of angico-vermelho, jurema-preta and acacia-negra using skin powder as detanizador agent. Materials from these species were ground and classified, with 12.5g of air dried particles subjected to extraction using a steam jacket type extractor to obtain 1000 ml of solution, using a completely randomized analytic design. The solution was evaluated using four treatments: angico bark; jurema bark; acacia bark and angico fruit. Three replicates per treatment were realized and subrepetitions were analyzed in triplicate. The results were interpreted by comparison of means with Tukey test at 5% significance. Best results in terms of total solids content, were observed in acacia bark (67.2%), differing statistically for angico bark (63.5%). The soluble solids content, in turn, was superior to angico bark (60.3%), differing statistically from acacia bark (49.8%). No statistically significant differences for tannin content were observed between acacia and angico barks, which presented values of 28.4 and 26.8%, respectively.

PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Spondias SP AND Spondias tuberosa ARRUDA CÂMERA EXTRACTS OF OCCURRENCE IN PARAIBA SEMIARID

Present study was aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile of the leaf extracts of Spondias sp and Spondias tuberose. During study total five trees of Spondias sp (Cajarana do sertão) and Spondias tuberosa (Umbu) with good phytosanitary was used for phytochemical analysis. From these selected trees total 5kg leaves per tree were collected and air dried at 40°C. These leaves samples were ground and pulverized; from this 200g of powder sample were used to prepare ethanolic crude extract and phytochemical analysis was performed at the Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba. The phytochemical screening was carried out by preliminary scouting method for identify the presence of alkaloids, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins. Results of study revealed that the presence of steroids, tannins, flavonoids and terpenoids from the leaf extracts of Spondias sp and Spondias tuberosa , these phytochemicals are important constitute of herbal medicines and pharmaceutical industry and worked as antioxidant, anti-infective, anti-allergic and anti inflammatory agents. * Corresponding author KEYWORDS

Características Dendrométricas, Físicas e Químicas da Myracrodruon urundeuva e da Leucaena leucocephala

To evaluate dendrometric characteristics, physical and chemical properties of Myracrodruon urundeuva and Leucaena leucocephala was done suppression of five samples of each species. The dendrometric parameters evaluated were: DAP; height; volume. It was evaluated basic density and chemical analysis of wood were made. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (DIC), with values analyzed by the test “F” at 5%. The species had a mean DAP 10.00; 14.08 cm; overall height 8.20; 12.93 m; commercial height 4.90; 10.07 m; volume shelled (C/C) 0.032; 0.104 m3; volume not shelled (S/C) 0.025; 0.095 m3 M. urundeuva and L. leucocephala, respectively. The M. urundeuva has a higher basic density. The ash content found in M. urundeuva was superior. Now, the total extractive content and holocelulose of M. urundeuva and L. leucocephala were similar. The L. leucocephala got higher total lignin content and higher calorific power. Therefore, the two species have good physical, chemical and energy characteristics.

Physico-chemical and energetic evaluation of wood from the species Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth.) Ducke and Amburana cearensis (Allemao) A. C. Smith in a semi-arid region in northeast Brazil.

‘Caatinga’ is an exclusive Brazilian biome, which features a wide variety of fauna and flora, and a good part of these are endemic varieties. Over the years, the abolition of ‘Caatinga’ by human activities has greatly reduced this biome. This fact is mainly due to the use of the energy potential of plant species without proper concern about the sustainability of it. A better understanding of the energy potential of plant species of ‘Caatinga’ enables a more appropriate management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential energy and the physical and chemical characteristics of wood species Amburana cearensis (Germans) A. C. Smith and Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth.) Ducke. Five trees of each species were felled, randomly sampled in ‘Sao Bento’ site, located in the city of Patos, Paraiba state. The trees were identified and transported to the Department of Forest Product Technology, Federal University of Campina Grande. From each tree, small discs were removed (5 cm thick) to 0 (base), 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the commercial height of the trunk (up to 5 cm in diameter) and large disks (15 cm thick) before and after each small disk, the small discs were divided into four parts, wedge-shaped, passing through the medulla. Two opposing wedges were used to determine the density and the rest was reserved for the physical and chemical wood analyses and the wood discs were destined for greater achievements of carbonizations. Basic density was determined according to the method of hydrostatic balance and to determine the basic density of each tree used as a weighting factor the volume between sections of each disk. After air drying, the samples for chemical analysis were transformed into sawdust and made quantitative determinations of total extractives, lignin, ash and holocellulose content was estimated by difference from the initial mass [100% (content total extractives + lignin + ash)]. Samples intended for carbonizations were transformed into chips, and charred in an electric furnace (furnace) for 5 hours and 30 minutes. The income from the carbonization products as well as the physical and chemical properties of charcoal were determined. Averages significantly higher than 1% probability of lignin, holocellulose content, total extractives and ash wood were found for the species Amburana cearensis and Piptadenia stipulacea, and this latter had higher average lignin content and holocellulose content. The gravimetric yield was similar for both species, while the condensed liquid yield was significantly higher for Amburana cearensis. In relation to coal quality, higher values were observed for gross calorific value and fixed carbon for Piptadenia stipulacea, while Amburana cearensis exhibited higher levels of volatiles and ash.