Elliott K. Main
California Pacific Medical Center
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Featured researches published by Elliott K. Main.
Obstetrics & Gynecology | 2015
Elliott K. Main; Christy McCain; Christine H. Morton; Susan Holtby; Elizabeth Lawton
OBJECTIVE: To compare specific maternal and clinical characteristics and contributing factors among the five leading causes of pregnancy-related mortality to develop focused clinical and public health prevention programs. METHODS: California pregnancy-related deaths from 2002–2005 were identified with enhanced surveillance using linked birth and death certificates. A multidisciplinary committee reviewed medical records, autopsy reports, and coroner reports to determine cause of death, clinical and demographic characteristics, chance to alter outcome, contributing factors (at health care provider, facility, and patient levels), and quality improvement opportunities. The five leading causes of death were compared with each other and with the overall California birth population. RESULTS: Among the 207 pregnancy-related deaths, the five leading causes were cardiovascular disease, preeclampsia or eclampsia, hemorrhage, venous thromboembolism, and amniotic fluid embolism. Among the leading causes of death, we identified differing patterns for race, maternal age, body mass index, timing of death, and method of delivery. Overall, there was a good-to-strong chance to alter the outcome in 41% of deaths, with the highest rates of preventability among hemorrhage (70%) and preeclampsia (60%) deaths. Health care provider, facility, and patient contributing factors also varied by cause of death. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy-related mortality should not be considered a single clinical entity. Reducing mortality requires in-depth examination of individual causes of death. The five leading causes exhibit different characteristics, degrees of preventability, and contributing factors, with the greatest improvement opportunities identified for hemorrhage and preeclampsia. These findings provide additional support for hospital, state, and national maternal safety programs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II
American Journal of Reproductive Immunology | 1996
Dobri D. Kiprov; Robert D. Nachtigall; Roderic C. Weaver; Arnold Jacobson; Elliott K. Main; Marvin R. Garovoy
PROBLEM: Several studies have evaluated the effect of intravenous gammaglobulin (IVIG) in women with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA). Data regarding the underlying immunologic abnormalities in these patients is scant. This study reports the pregnancy outcome and immunologic changes observed in a large group of women with RSA associated with well‐defined alloimmune and autoimmune abnormalities treated with IVIG.
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology | 2015
Afshan B. Hameed; Elizabeth Lawton; Christy McCain; Christine H. Morton; Connie Mitchell; Elliott K. Main; Elyse Foster
OBJECTIVE Maternal mortality rates rose markedly from 2002 to 2006 in California, prompting an in-depth maternal mortality review in a state that comprises one twelfth of the US birth cohort. Cardiovascular disease has emerged as the leading cause of pregnancy-related death in the United States. The primary aim of this analysis was to describe the incidence and type of cardiovascular disease as a cause of pregnancy-related mortality in California. The secondary aims were to describe racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities, risk factors, birth outcomes, timing of death and diagnosis, and signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disease and identify contributing factors. STUDY DESIGN The California Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Review retrospectively examined a case series of 64 cardiovascular pregnancy-related deaths from 2002 through 2006. Two cardiologists independently reviewed complete inpatient and outpatient medical records including laboratory, radiology, electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, echocardiograms, and autopsy findings for each cardiovascular death and classified cause of death by type of cardiovascular disease. Demographic data, racial disparities, risk factors, signs and symptoms, timing of diagnosis and death, birth outcomes, and contributing factors were analyzed using bivariate comparisons with noncardiovascular pregnancy-related deaths and population-based data. RESULTS Among 2,741,220 California women who gave birth, 864 died while pregnant or within 1 year of pregnancy; 257 of the deaths were deemed pregnancy related, and of these, 64 (25%) were attributed to cardiovascular disease. There were 42 deaths caused by cardiomyopathy, and the pregnancy-related mortality rate from cardiomyopathy was 1.54 per 100,000 births. Dilated cardiomyopathy existed in 29 cases, of which 15 met the definition of peripartum cardiomyopathy. Women with cardiovascular disease were more likely than women who died from noncardiovascular causes to be African-American (39.1% vs 16.1%; P < .01) and more likely to use illicit substances (23.7% vs 9.4%; P < .01). Thirty-seven percent were obese and 20% had a concomitant diagnosis of hypertension or preeclampsia during pregnancy. Health care decisions in the diagnosis or treatment of cardiovascular disease during and after pregnancy contributed to the fatal outcomes. CONCLUSION African-American race, substance use, and obesity were risk factors for pregnancy-related cardiovascular disease mortality. Chronic disease prevention and better recognition and response to cardiovascular disease during pregnancy are needed to reduce maternal mortality.
American Journal of Reproductive Immunology | 1994
Mimi H. Chiang; Elliott K. Main
PROBLEM: Human trophoblast expression of class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes is unique in that there is no classical gene expression, but nonclassical HLA‐G is expressed and only by cytotrophoblast cells. This differential expression of classical versus nonclassical class I genes suggests tissue specific regulation. Recently, a negative regulatory element (NRE), 180 bp 5′ to transcription initiation was identified in a murine embryonal carcinoma cell line that markedly inhibited class I gene expression (Flanagan et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 83:3145–3149).
British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology | 2016
Vanessa R. Lee; Blair G. Darney; Jonathan Snowden; Elliott K. Main; William Gilbert; Judith Chung; Aaron B. Caughey
To compare perinatal outcomes between elective induction of labour (eIOL) and expectant management in obese women.
Fertility and Sterility | 1994
Mimi H. Chiang; Nury Steuerwald; Hovey Lambert; Elliott K. Main; Alex Steinleitner
OBJECTIVE To determine by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) whether human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I messenger RNA (mRNA) is present in mature human spermatozoa. DESIGN Mature human spermatozoa was isolated from donor semen using a swim-up technique. Total RNA was extracted via guanidinium isothiocyanate-cesium chloride ultracentrifugation. By the method previously validated in our laboratory, reverse transcription-PCR was performed using primers specific for HLA class I transcripts. Positive control cells included a choriocarcinoma cell line (JEG) and human fetal tissue. Transformed peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were used as a negative control for somatic cellular contamination. RESULTS Human spermatozoa were positive for HLA class I (-G and -B) mRNA by reverse transcription-PCR, consistent with the positive controls. We did not detect any mRNA for beta-actin, retinoblastoma (RB), CD4, or kappa light chain genes in the sperm complementary DNA samples, verifying that the class I mRNA detected was not due to somatic cellular contamination of the purified sperm samples. CONCLUSION These experiments provide the first evidence that mRNA for HLA class I molecules are present in mature human spermatozoa. The physiological role of these transcripts is unknown at present. Further experiments characterizing the expression of HLA class I (-G and -B) mRNA in oocytes and preimplantation embryos are in progress.
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology | 2000
Denise Main; Elliott K. Main; Dan H. Moore
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology | 2005
Donna A. Wiggins; Elliott K. Main
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology | 2000
Elliott K. Main; Teri Slagle
Fertility and Sterility | 1994
Mimi H. Chiang; Nury Steuerwald; Hovey Lambert; Elliott K. Main; Alex Steinleitner