Emanuel José Gomes de Araújo

Influence of diameter measuring height on the adjustment of volume and biomass equations of cerrado in minas gerais

Different tree diameter measuring heights are displayed in the literature, which in some cases can lead to different results in the final estimates, if the model used is not compatible with the diameter measurement height. The aim of this study was to evaluate and validate equations of volume and biomass, adjusted by Goal Programming and regression by Ordinary Least Squares Method for the Cerrado Sensu Stricto and Campo Cerrado in Minas Gerais state, using information on diameters measured at 0. 10, 0.30 and 1.30 meters from the ground level. Thus, we rigorously scaled 868 trees in areas of Cerrado Sensu Stricto and Campo Cerrado of Minas Gerais. Two different models were subsequently adjusted, one being dual input with the diameter measured at different heights and total height and the second with only the diameter. The results showed that the height where the diameter was taken may influence the accuracy of the models, the diameter measured at 1.30 m presenting the best fits with more accurate estimates. It was possible to generate an equation that can support the monitoring of deforested areas, using the stump diameter (0.10 cm from the soil).

Sustainable Management of Eremanthus erythropappus in Minas Gerais, Brazil – A Review

We reviewed key studies published so far regarding Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish (Candeia), in order to approach the sustainable management of this species. The objective of this study was to discuss what is already known by the scientific community, presenting the current scenario and outlining the main challenges that still need to be addressed. Candeia is a tree species found in some Brazilian states, being used in the production of fence posts, and essential oils. It aids in the preservation and restoration of natural areas when properly managed, promoting social development through the creation of jobs and economic growth, due to the current high demand and market value for its products. Due to the high value of its timber, there is a strong anthropic pressure on this species, and it has consequently been exploited in an unsustainable manner. However, already published research suggests that well-managed stands of Eremanthus erythropappus can be economically feasible.

Allometric models to biomass in restoration areas in the Atlantic rain forest

The objective of the study was to present mathematical models and strategies for fitting equations to estimate dry biomass for tree species in forest restoration areas. The presence of outliers was analyzed in each fitted equation using values of the matrix H, leverage points, means of standard and studentized residuals, and of influential points through DFFITS, DFBETAS and COOK distance values. Furthermore, the normality, homoscedasticity and independence of residuals were checked. The accuracy of the fitted equations was evaluated by means of the Radj., Syx, analysis of residuals, and AIC and BIC criteria. The results showed that the model for estimating dry biomass as a function of the variables Dc2, DBH2, Hc2 and DBH provides the more accurate solution, with Syx = 40.91% and R 2 adj. = 0.92. We concluded that the performance of this equation improves when adjusted to data stratified by classes of height-diameter ratio, which reduces the value of the estimated error.

MODELO 3-PG NA PREVISÃO DO POTENCIAL PRODUTIVO DE ÁREAS PARA PLANTIOS COMERCIAIS DE Eucalyptus spp.

The prediction of a forest production requires knowledge of the dendrometric and edaphoclimatic variables. This study aimed to adjust and evaluate the accuracy of the 3-PG model in estimating the variables height, diameter at breast height (DBH), volume and mean annual increment (MAI) in commercial plantations of Eucalyptus spp. in northern of Minas Gerais state, using meteorological data from automatic surface stations and remote sensing. To validate the model, data of height, DBH, volume and MAI by 3-PG were estimated and compared with forest inventory data, totaling 335 measurements in 10 plots in the period 2005 to 2011. Linear statistical correlation methods (Pearson - r), the coefficient of determination (R²), the standard error of estimate (S yx ), the standard error of the estimate in percentage (S yx %) and the efficient model (EF) were applied. It was observed that the model tends to overestimate the dendrometric variables when using the parameterization proposal for northern region of Minas Gerais state. After adjusting the parameters for the age of canopy closure (fullCanAge), the relationship between stem and DBH (nS) and parameterization of allometric equations for the total height and volume of wood incorporated in the 3-PG, obtained satisfactory results with values of R² = 0.94 and EF = 0.87 for DBH, height and volume and R² = 0.85 and EF = 0.58 for the MAI, as presented distribution of estimated data close to the average values of the observed data. The 3-PG was shown to be effective in estimating the DBH, height, volume and MAI become a potential tool for evaluating suitable areas for the expansion of new crops.

INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT FOR OPTIMIZING THE PRODUCTION OF HIGH-VALUE LOGS OF PINE FORESTS IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL

The best decision-making is a difficult task in forest management because it involves a large number of market and production variables. We simulated growth and yield of loblolly pine in high-quality sites, aiming to indicate thinning regimes and planting densities that maximize the production of large diameter logs (minor diameter >35 cm), as well as economically evaluating such regimes. We used the software OpTimber-LP for forest optimization problems. Simulations involved four planting densities (1,111; 1,600; 2,000; and 2,500 plants/ha); three thinnings with different weights, frequencies and ages of application; and clear cut at 25 years. Such combinations totalized in 2,916 simulated regimes. We calculated ANPV considering variations in interest rates, besides costs of production and returns resulting from thinnings and from clear cut. The findings indicated great productions of large diameter logs in regimes with low planting densities. Heavy thinnings (60% removal of trees) highlighted by being ideal to almost all thinnings, mainly in regimes with densities of 2,000 and 2,500 plants/ha. This intensity also was ideal to the first thinning, regardless the planting density. The most productive regimes presented large diameter log volumes ranging from 480 to 260 m³/ha, for regimes with 1,111 and 2,500 plants/ha, respectively. ANPV ranged from ~1.300 to ~2.100 R

Spatial dependency and correlation of properties of soil cultivated with oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, in agroforestry systems in the eastern Brazilian Amazon

/ha. As conclusion, less dense regimes provide largest productions in large diameter log, but lowest productions in total volume; as consequence, ANPV was larger in denser regimes, once the revenue obtained from high-value logs did not overcome that one obtained from finer (and consequently cheaper) logs. High-density regimes may produce less timber volume due to only one improper thinning, whereas low-density stands may have production really affected when are subjected to consecutive improper thinnings.

Efeito da Qualidade do Sítio e do Desbaste na Produção de Pinus

Geostatistics is a tool that can be used to produce maps with the distribution of nutrients essential for the development of plants. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the spatial variation in chemical attributes of soils under oil palm cultivation in agroforestry systems in the eastern Brazilian Amazon, and their spatial dependence pattern. Sixty spatially standardized and georeferenced soil samples were collected at each of three sampling sites (DU1, DU2, and DU3) at 0-20 cm depth. Evaluated soil chemical attributes were pH, Al3+, H+Al, K+, Ca2+, Mg 2+, cation exchange capacity (CEC), P, and organic matter (OM). The spatial dependence of these variables was evaluated with a semivariogram analysis, adjusting three theoretical models (spherical, exponential, and Gaussian). Following analysis for spatial dependence structure, ordinary kriging was used to estimate the value of each attribute at non-sampled sites. Spatial correlation among the attributes was tested using cokriging of data spatial distribution. All variables showed spatial dependence, with the exception of pH, in one sampling site (DU3). Highest K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and OM levels were found in the lower region of two sampling sites (DU1 and DU2). Highest levels of Al3+ and H+Al levels were observed in the lower region of sampling site DU3. Some variables were correlated, therefore cokriging proved to be efficient in estimating primary variables as a function of secondary variables. The evaluated attributes showed spatial dependence and correlation, indicating that geostatistics may contribute to the effective management of agroforestry systems with oil palm in the Amazon region.

SPATIAL AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LITTER AND BELOWGROUND CARBON IN A BRAZILIAN CERRADO VEGETATION

An experiment in Pinus taeda stands was conducted aiming to evaluate the effect of thinnings and forest site quality on basal area (G), total volume, stem volume (v) and assortment of Pinus taeda. Thinnings occurred between 8 and 9 years old, where the fifth row plus 66%, 54%, 42%, 30% e 19% of the existing trees was cut. Thinnings were followed by measurement of diameters and along the stem to calculate its volume. An analysis of variance in randomized blocks was made adopting the sites as blocks and the mixed thinnings as treatments. Volumetric relation was modeled for the plots and from this, log assortments could be estimated using a software named SISPINUS. In conclusion, thinning affect the volumetric relation especially to larger trees, while its inclination curve reduces from richest sites to poorest sites. Sites exert greater effect than thinnings when considering basal area, total volume, boles volume and volume per assortment.

POTENTIAL AREAS FOR THE FORMATION OF ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS BETWEEN REMNANTS OF ATLANTIC FOREST

: Forest ecosystems contribute significantly to store greenhouse gases. This paper aimed to investigate the spatial and vertical distribution of litter, roots, and soil carbon. We obtained biomass and carbon of compartments (litter, roots, and soil) in a vegetation from Cerrado biome, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The materials were collected in 7 0.5 m² sub-plots randomly allocated in the vegetation. Root and soil samples were taken from five soil layers across the 0-100 cm depth. Roots were classified into three diameter classes: fine ( 10 mm) roots. The carbon stock was mapped through geostatistical analysis. The results indicated averages of soil carbon stock of 208.5 Mg.ha

Avaliação da Dinâmica da Vegetação em Áreas Desmatadas na Floresta Amazônica

In Brazil, the remaining areas of Atlantic Forest are intensely fragmented. The connection of forest fragments through ecological corridors is an important step in biodiversity conservation. Certain areas are more resilient, and in those areas, natural forest regeneration, for example, can be encouraged. The aim of this study was to identify areas of greater resilience in order to support the connection of Atlantic Forest fragments with ecological corridors. Forest fragments in the municipality of Paraiba do Sul, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, were mapped using the supervised maximum likelihood classification of an Operational Land Imager (OLI)/Landsat-8 sensor image. Next, we analyzed the influence of terrain attributes (aspect, incident solar radiation, slope, and curvature profile) on natural regeneration. The areas with the greatest potential to achieve natural regeneration and to form ecological corridors were indicated through fuzzy membership functions. Within Paraiba do Sul, 31% of the territory is covered by vegetation in different stages of regeneration. Recordings were made of 1,251 forest fragments in a middle or advanced stage of regeneration. These fragments are usually situated in the southeast, south, and southwest aspects, in areas that receive the least amount of global solar radiation (Wh·m-2) per year, and on slopes with an angle of inclination greater than 20%. The adjustment of fuzzy functions identified 17,327.5 ha with a tendency to recover, and which are therefore strategic areas in the development of ecological corridors.