Emmanuelle Zech

Social Sharing of Emotion: New Evidence and New Questions

Rime et af. (1992) showed that most emotional experiences are shared with others shortly after they occurred. They proposed that social sharing represents an integral part of emotional experiences. The present chapter examines the generalizability of the phenomenon across various research procedures that overcome the limits of previous studies. Existing findings are extended to chil- dren and older populations, and individual and cultural differences are consid- ered. Furthermore, the role of the intensity of the emotion and its relation with extent of social sharing is investigated. The chapter then addresses the contribu- tion of social sharing to emotional recovery. Given that findings were generally not consistent with the view that sharing alleviates the memory of the shared emotional experience, the chapter discusses alternative potential effects and functions of social sharing.

Alexithymia and its measurement: confirmatory factor analyses of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire

Alexithymia refers to the difficulties an individual has in experiencing and expressing feelings. The 20‐item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS‐20) and the Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ) with two parallel versions of 20 items have been constructed to measure it. The present study compared the psychometric properties of these two self‐report questionnaires in English (N=290) and French (N=322) language versions. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the fit between the hypothesized factors and the data. Results revealed a better fit to the data for the second version of the BVAQ (BVAQ‐20B) for both language versions as compared to the TAS‐20, the whole BVAQ, or the first version of the BVAQ (BVAQ‐20A). Additionally, the factor comparison of both language versions indicated that only the factorial structure of the BVAQ‐20B was replicable across languages. Concurrent validity of the questionnaires is discussed. Copyright

An externally oriented style of thinking as a moderator of responses to affective films in women.

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that differences in alexithymia would moderate coupling in physiological and subjective-experiential responses to two affective films, which were shown to induce a common negative (sad) feeling, but to provoke different hyper- or hypo-arousal physiological responses (e.g., heart rate acceleration or deceleration) associated with antipathic or empathic context, respectively (Davydov et al., 2011). Only women were studied as persons showing more reactivity to sad films than men. Reactivity was evaluated for facial behavior, physiological arousal, and subjective experience. Some other affective and cognitive disposition factors (e.g., depression and defensiveness) were considered for evaluating their probable mediation of the alexithymias effects. While subjective experience was not affected by alexithymia, high scorers on the externally-oriented thinking factor showed reduced physiological reactivity in both film conditions. These effects were mediated through different disposition factors: either low affectivity (low depressed mood), which mediated alexithymias effect on hyper-arousal responses (e.g., decrease of heart rate acceleration), or impression management (other-deception), which mediated alexithymias effect on hypo-arousal responses (e.g., decrease of heart rate deceleration).

Depressive affect among health care seekers: How it is related to attachment style, emotional disclosure, and health complaints

Abstract The present cross-sectional questionnaire survey investigated depressive affect among persons visiting their general practitioner (GP). It examined the impact of a number of factors likely to be associated with depressive affect, including demographic variables, severity of medical condition, and personal factors such as ease in disclosing personal information, and attachment style. Results showed that among the sample of patients (N = 198) visiting their GP, depressive affect was generally quite high. In particular, those reporting more depressive affect were the elderly, those with more severe health problems, more psychological problems, and a lower level of emotional disclosure frequency. As expected, attachment style was also related to lack of well-being among patients: those with a less avoidant but more anxious attachment style reported higher levels of depressive affect. In total, 38% of the variance of depressive affect was predicted by this model. Security of attachment was also related to reasons why patients consulted their GP, with avoidant attachment related to physical problems and anxious attachment to mental problems. Theoretical relevance of the findings and implications for medical help-seeking are discussed.

A Phenomenological Analysis of Disaster-Related Experiences in Fire and Emergency Medical Services Personnel

This article explores the experiences of fire and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel during and immediately after a technological event using a phenomenological approach. Personnel engaged in the rescue operations during and immediately after the Ghislenghien gas explosion reflected upon their experiences in their responses to a specially designed, self-reporting questionnaire that included open-ended questions. Firefighters reported more perceived threat and direct exposure to death than did EMS personnel. Qualitative analysis indicates that the central characteristics of this potentially traumatizing event were the suddenness and massiveness of the impact, and the fact that it involved young victims and/or multiple deaths. With regard to emotions, powerlessness, horror, fear, a sense of apocalypse, and grief were experienced by both firefighters and EMS personnel. Firefighters noted that the death of colleagues, the involvement of friends and family, the massive impact, and exposure to the burned victims were most shocking. Emergency Medical Services personnel and in-hospital staff reported the impact, the confrontation with death, the involvement of friends and family, and the pain, suffering, and screaming of burned victims as the most shocking aspects of this event. Qualitative differences in the lived experiences of firefighters, EMS personnel, and in-hospital staff might be explained by differences in life threat, contact with death, and various degrees of training.

Attachment and Severity of Grief: The Mediating Role of Negative Appraisal and Inflexible Coping

According to the Dual Process Model of coping with bereavement (DPM; Stroebe & Schut, 1999), adjustment to bereavement involves a flexible oscillation between two types of coping strategies: loss-oriented (LO) and restoration-oriented (RO). This model postulates that extremely anxious or avoidant attachment disturbs the oscillation process by focusing more on one type of strategy, either LO or RO. The present study examined this assumption. We recruited 321 bereaved individuals who had lost a romantic partner. Our results showed that less negative appraisal of bereavement-related stressors, as well as higher use of RO strategies, mediated the link between attachment avoidance and low severity of grief reactions. However, the DPM variables were not found to mediate the link between attachment anxiety and elevated grief reactions. We discuss how these results provide an empirical basis of the DPM.

Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement in the test of the subjective experiences of bereaved spouses: an interpretative phenomenological analysis

The Dual Process Model of Coping With Bereavement (DPM) was developed to better understand the dynamic coping processes adopted by bereaved people. In the present study, we investigated the daily subjective experiences of widowed people and examined whether they recognized themselves in the model. Thirteen out of the 16 interviewed widowed persons reported that their bereavement experience basically fitted the model. However, they also identified discrepancies. Interviews with six bereaved spouses were subjected to an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Three main issues were identified: (a) the interdependence versus distinctiveness of coping processes, (b) the conscious and intentional nature of coping strategies, and (c) the very nature of respite in the grief experience. The results indicated that, although relevant, the DPM did not always match the grieving experiences reported by the widowed individuals. Clinical and research perspectives are discussed.

Access to mental health for asylum seekers in the European Union. An analysis of disparities between legal rights and reality

The article explores some of the issues surrounding access to mental health care for asylum seekers, using Belgium as a case in point. Asylum and immigration issues have become increasingly pressing in Europe, with member states seeking a common European Asylum System and establishing minimum standards for the reception of asylum seekers. The EU measures have fallen short of providing and implementing clear guidelines. Significant discrepancies continue to exist between member states, notably policies on health care for refugees, and in particular mental healthcare. Access to mental health care is identified as crucial, yet for many the right to access is theoretical only, and in reality care is often inaccessible. Access should refer not only to the availability, but also the quality and efficacy of care. Refugees are a particularly vulnerable population, and access in the fullest sense of the term should be an essential element in the reception of asylum seekers.

Daily Life Stressors and Coping Strategies During Widowhood: A Diary Study After One Year of Bereavement

ABSTRACT The present study examined the frequency and types of bereavement-related stressors and coping strategies that 40 widowed people encountered and reported in a diary over the course of 1 week. The results indicated that, after 1 year of bereavement, (a) the most frequent stressors were oriented to the loss of the spouse, (b) specific coping strategies were used and found effective to deal with specific types of stressors, (c) stressors were sometimes dealt with using several successive strategies or no strategy at all, and (d) clusters of stressors and strategies were associated with specific moments of appearance during the day.

The measurement of couple and family interactions and relationship quality in bereavement research

Family assessment in grief research has been interested in either the impact of bereavement on family grief, and more precisely, how an individual’s grief influences the family functioning, or how family dynamics mediate family members’ individual grief experiences. Couple and family instruments used in grief research are reviewed. These were found to be well-validated and are usually popular in family research. In addition, qualitative research on family grief is reviewed to provide a more dynamic and interactive perspective. Finally, recommendations for further development of family grief assessment instruments are proposed. For future bereavement research, we suggest the use of multidimensional assessments, a multi-method, multi-informant, and multi-level approach to grasp the complex interactions of grief in the couple and family context.