Enderson Petrônio de Brito Ferreira

Sistemas de preparo do solo e culturas de cobertura na produção orgânica de feijão e milho: I - atributos físicos do solo

Ha necessidade de se avaliar a contribuicao de plantas de cobertura e do seu manejo na manutencao ou melhoria da qualidade fisica do solo em areas sob producao orgânica. Este trabalho objetivou determinar a influencia das plantas de cobertura crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea), guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), mucuna-preta (Mucuna aterrima), sorgo-vassoura (Sorgum technicum) e pousio nos atributos fisicos de solo cultivado com feijao e milho orgânicos, sob semeadura direta (SD) e preparo convencional (PC). O trabalho foi conduzido em Santo Antonio de Goias-GO, em Latossolo Vermelho distrofico, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repeticoes. Em novembro de 2003 foram instalados quatro experimentos, dois em SD e dois em PC, sendo um com feijao e outro com milho em cada sistema. Amostragens do solo das parcelas e de uma mata proxima aos experimentos foram realizadas em novembro de 2007, nas camadas de 0,00-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m, para determinacao do teor de materia orgânica (MO) e de atributos fisicos do solo. O uso desse solo para a producao agricola, independentemente do sistema de preparo, resultou em reducao no teor de MO e em modificacoes nos seus atributos fisicos, aumentando sua densidade (Ds) e resistencia a penetracao (RP) e reduzindo a macroporosidade (Mp), porosidade total (Pt) e diâmetro medio ponderado dos agregados (DMP). Entretanto, a Ds e a Mp nao atingiram os valores criticos preconizados na literatura como limitantes ao desenvolvimento das culturas. Os sistemas de preparo do solo divergiram quanto ao DMP e a RP. Os atributos fisicos do solo foram alterados favoravelmente pela MO. O indice S correlacionou-se com os atributos fisicos do solo e com o teor de MO, mostrando-se adequado como indicador da qualidade fisica do solo.

Soil tillage systems and cover crops in organic production of common bean and corn: II - soil biological properties

The influence of cover crops and their management on the maintenance or improvement of soil physical quality in areas under organic production should be investigated. This study aimed to determine the influence of the cover crops sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima), sorghum (Sorgum technicum), and fallow on physical properties of soil under organic cultivation of common bean and corn, in no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems. The study was conducted in Santo Antonio de Goias-GO, on an Oxisol, in a randomized block design, with four replications. In November 2003 four experiments were installed, two of them under NT and the other two in CT. In each management system, one experiment was carried out with common bean and another with corn. Samples were taken from the layers 0.00-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m in November 2007, from the plots and from a neighboring native forest, to determine soil organic matter (SOM) and physical properties. The use of this soil for agricultural production, regardless of the tillage system, reduced the SOM content and affected the physical properties, increased bulk density (BD) and soil penetration resistance (PR) and decreased macroporosity (Mp), soil porosity (SP), and the weighted mean diameter of aggregates (WMDA). However, BD and Mp did not reach the critical values indicated in the literature as limiting for crop growth. The soil tillage systems diverged in relation to WMDA and PR. The soil physical properties were favorably affected by SOM. The S index was correlated to the soil physical properties and to SOM and seems to be an adequate indicator of soil physical quality.

Rhizosphere bacterial communities of potato cultivars evaluated through PCR-DGGE profiles

The objective of this work was to determine the shifts on the PCR-DGGE profiles of bacterial communities associated to the rhizosphere of potato cultivars, in order to generate baseline information for further studies of environmental risk assessment of genetically modified potato plants. A greenhouse experiment was carried out with five potato cultivars (Achat, Bintje, Agata, Monalisa and Asterix), cultivated in pots containing soil from an integrated system for agroecological production. The experiment was conducted in a split plot randomized block design with five cultivars, three sampling periods and five replicates. Rhizosphere samples were collected in three sampling dates during plant development. DNA of rhizosphere microorganisms was extracted, amplified by PCR using bacterial universal primers, and analyzed through DGGE. Shifts on the rhizosphere bacterial communities associated to rhizosphere of different cultivars were related to both cultivar and plant age. Differences among rhizosphere bacterial communities were clearest at the earliest plant age, tending to decrease in later stages. This variation was detected among bacterial communities of the five tested cultivars. The characterization of soil microbial communities can be part of plant breeding programs to be used on studies of environmental risk assessment of genetically modified potatoes.

Atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos de solo sob produção orgânica impactados por sistemas de cultivo

Este trabalho objetivou determinar quais atributos de um Latossolo Vermelho de Cerrado sob producao orgânica sao mais impactados por sistemas de cultivo compostos por feijao e milho, semeadura direta (SD) e preparo convencional (PC) do solo e plantas de cobertura. Aplicaram-se tecnicas de analise multivariada nos dados de quatro experimentos, dois em SD e dois em PC, um com feijao e outro com milho em cada preparo, instalados desde novembro de 2003, em Santo Antonio de Goias, GO, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repeticoes. Em setembro de 2003 foram retiradas amostras de solo na camada de 0 - 0,10 m para analise quimica inicial (referencia quimica). Em novembro de 2007 foi feita nova amostragem nas parcelas e em uma mata proxima (referencia fisica e biologica) para determinacao dos atributos fisicos (AF), quimicos (AQ) e biologicos (AB) do solo. Os sistemas de cultivo provocaram alteracoes nos AF e AB, quando comparados com a mata, e nos AQ, quando comparados com a condicao inicial, sendo os AF mais sensiveis em detectar mudancas na qualidade do solo sob cultivo. Os quocientes metabolico e microbiano foram os mais afetados negativamente pelo PC quando comparados com a SD. Os AQ foram mais sensiveis em discriminar a cultura do feijao da do milho.

Chemical properties of an oxisol under organic management as influenced by application of sugarcane bagasse ash

There are large areas of Oxisols in South America, including Brazil, with low fertility and acidity. To improve crop yields on these Oxisols, liming and fertilization is an essential practice. However, besides the high cost of fertilizers, chemical fertilizers cannot be used in organic production systems, except insoluble sources. Ash is one of the alternative source of supplying macro and micronutrients. A field experiment was conducted, in a completely randomized block design in a factorial arrangement (three sources of ash x four rates) resulting on 12 treatments, to evaluate the effect of source and rate of ash application on soil chemical properties. The treatments consisted of three sources (bagasse, bagasse+PJ07-A and bagasse+PJ07-RA) of sugarcane ash applied in four rates as 0; 5; 15 and 30 Mg ha -1 . Results showed that the use of ash significantly improved soil chemical properties such as pH, P, K, Mg, base saturation, K and Mg saturation and significantly reduced soil acidity (H+Al). Depending on the ash source or rate, some of the soil chemical properties were affected, however, the effect of ash source was not so pronounced as compared with ash rate. Ashes application resulted on a soil nutritional condiction enough to guarantee the growth and yield of most annual crops. Ash sources were equally effective in reducing acidity and improving soil fertility under this study condition, while increasing ash rate provides decrease in H+Al content and increase in pH, Mg, P and K.

Atributos químicos de solo sob produção orgânica influenciados pelo preparo e por plantas de cobertura

This study aimed to determine the influence of the cover crops sunhemp (Crotalariajuncea), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima), sorghum (Sorgum technicum), and fallow on chemical attributes of soil cultivated with organic common bean and corn, under no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems. The work was conducted in Santo Antonio de Goias-GO, in Oxisol, in a randomized block design, with four replications. In November 2003 four experiments were installed, two of them under NT and the other two in CT. In each soil management system, an experiment was carried out with common bean crop and another with corn. Samples were taken from soil layers of 0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m in September 2003 and in November 2007. The soil pH and the contents of P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, H+ + Al3+, and soil organic matter were analyzed, and cation exchange capacity and base saturation were calculated. After four years, cover crops did not differ in their effects on soil chemical attributes, however, they increased the content of organic matter in relation to initial condition, under NT or in CT. In general, the nutrient recycling by cover crops was not sufficient to maintain the P, K+, Fe3+ and Mn2+ contents in the soil.

Chemical and Microbiological Soil Characteristics under Conventional and Organic Coffee Production Systems

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Conilon coffee (Coffea canephora) cultivated under conventional and organic management systems on the chemical and microbiological characteristics of the soil, as compared to an Atlantic forest. Chemical soil properties, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), microbial activity (MA), and metabolic quotient (qCO2) were determined at depths of 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm in two seasons (summer and winter). Although microbiological attributes varied according to the season and soil depth, MBC provided 54.15% of relative contribution to distinguish the treatments, followed by MBN and MA. Results indicate that the cultivation of coffee under organic management is more sustainable than under conventional system. Carbon from microbial biomass was the most important soil microbiological attribute in the clustering of the different management methods. Atlantic forest soil followed by organic coffee cultivation soil showed the best soil-quality indices.

Characterization of rhizobia isolates obtained from nodules of wild genotypes of common bean

This study aimed to evaluate the tolerance to salinity and temperature, the genetic diversity and the symbiotic efficiency of rhizobia isolates obtained from wild genotypes of common bean cultivated in soil samples from the States of Goiás, Minas Gerais and Paraná. The isolates were subjected to different NaCl concentrations (0%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 6%) at different temperatures (28 °C, 33 °C, 38 °C, 43 °C and 48 °C). Genotypic characterization was performed based on BOX-PCR, REP-PCR markers and 16S rRNA sequencing. An evaluation of symbiotic efficiency was carried out under greenhouse conditions in autoclaved Leonard jars. Among 98 isolates about 45% of them and Rhizobium freirei PRF81 showed a high tolerance to temperature, while 24 isolates and Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 were able to use all of the carbon sources studied. Clustering analysis based on the ability to use carbon sources and on the tolerance to salinity and temperature grouped 49 isolates, R. tropici CIAT899 and R. tropici H12 with a similarity level of 76%. Based on genotypic characterization, 65% of the isolates showed an approximately 66% similarity with R. tropici CIAT899 and R. tropici H12. About 20% of the isolates showed symbiotic efficiency similar to or better than the best Rhizobium reference strain (R. tropici CIAT899). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA revealed that two efficient isolates (ALSG5A1 and JPrG6A8) belong to the group of strains used as commercial inoculant for common bean in Brazil and must be assayed in field experiments.

Soil physical attributes under different tillage systems and cover crops, as influenced by pore distribution

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of pore distribution on some physical attributes of soil under no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems, cultivated with different cover crops, in organic production of common bean and corn. The work was carried out in Santo Antonio de Goias, GO, on an Oxisol. In November 2003 four experiments were installed, two of them under NT and the other two under CT. In each soil tillage system, an experiment was conducted with corn and another with common bean. Sunn hemp, pigeon pea, velvet bean, sorghum, and fallow were compared in a randomized block design, with four replications. Samples were taken from soil layers of 0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m in November 2007, in the plots and in a near by native forest (Cerrado), for determination of soil organic matter (OM) content and physical attributes. Cerrado soil use for agricultural production, regardless of tillage system, resulted in decrease of soil total porosity (TP), macroporosity (Mp), and soil air capacity (SAC). Soil physical attributes were favorably affected by OM. Variations in TP, Mp, SAC, and available soil water capacity can be explained by variation in soil pore size distribution, mainly by those with ∅ > 0.075 mm.

Differences in Nodulation and Grain Yield on Common Bean Cultivars with Different Growth Cycles

ABSTRACT The common bean can obtain nitrogen (N) from the decomposition of the soil organic matter, mineral fertilizers, and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). This study aimed to evaluate the behavior of nodulation parameters related to BNF throughout the development of common bean cultivars with different growth cycles. The experiments were conducted for two consecutive years (2012 and 2013) with 22 common bean cultivars with different growth cycles. The common bean cultivars were inoculated with a mixture of Rhizobium tropici strains (SEMIA 4077, SEMIA 4080, and SEMIA 4088). In 2012, samplings were performed from the V4 to the R8 stage, and the parameters related to nodulation and crop growth were evaluated at each stage and in the R9 stage, the grain yield and its components were measured. For the 2013 experiment, the same evaluations were performed but the nodulation parameters were only measured in the R6 and the R7 stages. Differences in the number and activity of the nodules along the development of the cultivars were observed. For the early and semi-early cycle cultivars, the activity of the nodules was observed until the R7 stage, while for the regular and late cycle cultivars, this activity only occurred until the R6 stage, resulting in three more days of nodule activity for the early and semi-early cycle cultivars as compared to the regular and late ones. The number of nodules correlated significantly with the shoot dry weight and the shoot Total-N; while the nodules dry mass showed a significantly high correlation with both parameters. The overall mean grain yield was 2,766.75 kg ha−1. However significant difference related solely to the various cultivars cycles were not observed.