Endriatmo Soetarto

Rescaling of Access and Property Relations in a Frontier Landscape: Insights from Jambi, Indonesia

The recent expansion of protected areas and oil palm plantations in Jambi (Sumatra), Indonesia, has been notably disruptive. This article investigates the scalar dimensions of land conflicts within a privately managed conservation area. We built on qualitative research focusing on struggles related to the formation of two informal settlements within the conservation area. Results indicate that, especially in the context of rapid rescaling (e.g., decentralization), new power constellations emerge, thereby altering preexisting property relations. We argue that competing scales of meaning and regulation are structuring the ability of actors to access land and, consequently, reflect tensions between structure and agency.

The Limit to Politics of Ethnicity? Migration and Upland Transformation in Central Sulawesi

ABSTRACT Although in early 2000s ethnic politics was used to gain access to land inside the National Park, thus transformed land use in an upland village in Central Sulawesi, a decade later it losts its role as the main driver to further expansion of agriculture-land. Using political ecology approach, this paper discusses territorialization through politics of ethnicity and ethnicity/identity as mechanism to access. The findings indicated that ethnic politics are enabled, and constrained, by certain conditions within the community as well as from external situation. In the latter trajectory of upland transformation, politics of ethnicity are constrained by an alteration of ethnic groupings as new migrants came to the village community, a ‘leveling-off playing field’ in land access and high-external input agriculture commodities, as well as a change in forest-policy. Keywords: ethnic politics, migration, upland transformation ABSTRAK Meski pada permulaan tahun 2000an politik etnisitas digunakan untuk memperoleh akses atas tanah hutan di dalam Taman Nasional, lantas merubah penggunaan lahan pada suatu desa dataran tinggi di Sulawesi Tengah, satu dekade setelahnya politik etnisitas tak lagi berperan dalam ekspansi lanjutan tanah pertanian itu. Menggunakan pendekatan ekologi politik, tulisan ini membahas teritorialisasi melalui politik etnisitas dan penggunaan kuasa etnisitas/identitas sebagai mekanisme untuk mengakses. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa politik etnisitas dimungkinkan, ataupun dibatasi, oleh kondisi-kondisi di dalam komunitas maupun situasi eksternal. Pada trajectory transformasi desa yang belakangan, politik etnisitas dibatasi oleh perubahan pengelompokan etnis akibat migrasi baru pada komunitas desa yang kian beragam etnis, suatu leveling-off playing field dalam akses atas tanah dan budidaya komoditas pertanian tinggi-input yang mengarah pada pemerataan kesempatan ekonomi dan pendapatan, serta perubahan dalam kebijakan kehutanan. Kata kunci: politik etnisitas, migrasi, transformasi dataran tinggi pedalaman

Gold Mining in Southwest Maluku: Curse or Blessing? (Study on Conflict Access of Agrarian Resources)

ABSTRACT Conflict in agrarian resource-rich areas due to differences of interest continue to occur in Indonesia, including in the gold mining area of Hila Village, District of Romang Islands, Southwest Maluku Regency. Conflict that occurred in the gold mining area of Hila Village is a horizontal conflict involving the communities, but there are local elites who play a role in it as well. Conflicting communities are those who are pro-mining and against it. Each actor has a different interest in the resources of Hila Village. This research uses qualitative method with case study approach. The purposeof this study is to analyze the factors that cause conflict. The result shows that there are many factors causing the conflict, including access to land, compensation fee and labor recruitment. These factors occur due to unilateral claims and ineffective management by village and company authorities. The benefits of the management and utilization are only felt by certain actors who have access to resources, whereas other actors who do not have access do not benefit. Keywords: Agrarian resources, conflict, Southwest Maluku ABSTRAK Konflik di daerah kaya sumberdaya agraria, akibat perbedaan kepentingan terus terjadi di Indonesia, termasuk di kawasan pertambangan emas Desa Hila, Kecamatan Kepulauan Romang, Kabupaten Maluku Barat Daya. Konflik yang terjadi di kawasan pertambangan emas Desa Hila adalah konflik horisontal yang melibatkan masyarakat dengan masyarakat, namun di dalamnya terdapat elit-elit lokal yang turut berperan. Masyarakat yang berkonflik adalah masyarakat yang pro terhadap tambang dengan masyarakat yang kontra terhadap tambang. Masing-masing aktor memiliki kepentingan yang berbeda terhadap sumberdaya di Desa Hila. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor penyebab konflik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat banyak faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya konflik, diantaranya faktor akses terhadap lahan, biaya konpensasi, dan perekrutan tenaga kerja. Faktor-faktor ini terjadi, karena klaim sepihak dan pengelolaan yang tidak efektif dilakukan oleh pemerintah desa dan perusahaan. Manfaat dari pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan tersebut, hanya dirasakan oleh aktor-aktor tertentu yang memiliki akses terhadap sumberdaya, sedangkan aktor-aktor lain tidak mendapatkan manfaat. Kata kunci: Sumberdaya agraria, konflik, Maluku Barat Daya

Catabolism of Space and utilization of community as A Survival Strategy of Pesantren

Through out in history of pesantren is not a stagnant entity. Pesantren has undergone various linkages from early history to this present. Initially pesantren is an institution with simple spaces which are turned into an institution with the complexity of space. Consider from the physical structure, initially, pesantren has three buildingsor facilities that are the mosque, majlis-taklim and house of Kyai. The third building is a building for education space. Along with the development in the peripheral of pesantren environment currently emerging business space.This paper discusses the development of pesantren space, using the conditions of pesantren in the late 19th century to the present. The discussion using an arrangement of the history and growth of pesantren space by taking the case at Sidogiri Pesantren, Pasuruan, East Java.This paper uses a constructivist approach that is hermeneutic and dialectical where the individual social construction can acquire and known through interactions between researcher and actors of research. In addition, this study also emphasizes empathy and dialectic interaction between researchers and informants in order to reconstruct the social reality under study with qualitative methods. The survey results of the research revealed that the emerging new spaces at the pesantren that is the internal business space and external business collaboration space that complements the mosque, majlis taklim and house of Kyai who had been already there. The new of economy spaces (business spaces), and with the community formed can be a tool for survival strategy of Pesantren. Even to this day pesantren persist with the principles of Islamic, but remains on the threat of consequences: without the moral control of religion, and the charisma of kyai, Pesantren can be a greedy capitalist machine as generally.

Analisis Sosio-Ekologi dan Sosio-Budaya Burung Berkicau di Dua Kota di Indonesia: Teladan dari Surabaya dan Yogyakarta

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis aspek sosio-budaya komunitas penggemar burung di Jawa. Konteksnya adalah keterkaitan antara konstruksi pemaknaan yang berkembang di tingkat komunitas dengan setting sosio-kultural di mana komunitas itu berada, termasuk di dalamnya adalah dinamika dalam setting sosio-kultural komunitas. Pemahaman mengenai setting sosio-kultural dalam hal ini difokuskan pada dimensi kepentingan aktor yang bermain dalam komunitas penggemar burung maupun komunitas lain dalam ranah yang lebih luas. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan memilih dua lokasi yang berbeda latar setting sosio-kulturalnya, yaitu Surabaya dan Yogyakarta. Surabaya merepresentasikan setting sosio-kultural masyarakat Jawa yang berpusat pada kegiatan ekonomi pesisir, sedangkan Yogyakarta merepresentasikan masyarakat Jawa yang berpusat pada tradisi Jawa kerajaan yang masih kuat. Temuan dari lapangan menunjukkan adanya perbedaan diantara kedua lokasi tersebut dalam merepresentasikan kekuatan aktor yang bermain sebagai manifestasi dari setting sosio-kultural serta dinamika konstruksi pemaknaan yang berkembang di tingkat komunitas terhadap burung.