Erdal Özhan

An improved user-based beach climate index

In many coastal resort areas of the world, it is likely that optimal climatic conditions for beach use might occur outside the peak of the tourist season. Investigation of this issue together with associated publicity might help to spread the tourism load and hence reduce undesirable social and environmental effects of extreme seasonality in tourist demand. For this to take place, better knowledge of beach user preferences in terms of climate and bathing water temperature is required. Questionnaire surveys were carried out in Wales, Malta and Turkey to establish the preferences of north European beach users for thermal sensation and bathing water temperature, plus priority levels for other climatic attributes. A user-based beach climate index based on these preferences and priorities was formulated. Linkage was made between the user-generated ratings for various climatic conditions and published climate data to evaluate most major Euro-Mediterranean/Black Sea and a range of other beach tourism areas on a month-by-month basis. Results showed excessively hot thermal sensation in many southern and eastern Mediterranean coastal destinations during July and August, the present peak of the beach tourism season. Highest preference was given to water temperatures rather lower than those found in these areas during late summer. Many long haul coastal destinations popular with north European visitors had similar unpleasant thermal sensations over several months. Uncertainties and deficiencies still exist with the system, but from the point of view of north European beach users the final scores generated in this study may be regarded as good approximations of the quality of resort area climates for sedentary beach use.

An implicit three-dimensional numerical model to simulate transport processes in coastal water bodies

A three-dimensional baroclinic numerical model has been developed to compute water levels and water particle velocity distributions in coastal waters. The numerical model consists of hydrodynamic, transport and turbulence model components. In the hydrodynamic model component, the Navier-Stokes equations are solved with the hydrostatic pressure distribution assumption and the Boussinesq approximation. The transport model component consists of the pollutant transport model and the water temperature and salinity transport models. In this component, the three-dimensional convective diffusion equations are solved for each of the three quantities. In the turbulence model, a two-equation k-e formulation is solved to calculate the kinetic energy of the turbulence and its rate of dissipation, which provides the variable vertical turbulent eddy viscosity. Horizontal eddy viscosities can be simulated by the Smagorinsky algebraic sub grid scale turbulence model. The solution method is a composite finite difference-finite element method. In the horizontal plane, finite difference approximations, and in the vertical plane, finite element shape functions are used. The governing equations are solved implicitly in the Cartesian co-ordinate system. The horizontal mesh sizes can be variable. To increase the vertical resolution, grid clustering can be applied. In the treatment of coastal land boundaries, the flooding and drying processes can be considered. The developed numerical model predictions are compared with the analytical solutions of the steady wind driven circulatory flow in a closed basin and of the uni-nodal standing oscillation. Furthermore, model predictions are verified by the experiments performed on the wind driven turbulent flow of an homogeneous fluid and by the hydraulic model studies conducted on the forced flushing of marinas in enclosed seas.

Coastal zone management in Turkey

Abstract This paper introduces the institutions, rules and regulations which have been established by the relevant Turkish laws for addressing various coastal and sea management issues. The Turkish Constitution and 12 laws having relevance to coastal and sea management are reviewed, and wherever appropriate, deficiencies and shortcomings are pointed out. The existing legislation shows clearly the sectoral character of the present system, suffering from overlapping responsibilities, and from insufficient communication and cooperation among different state agencies on the one hand, and among central government and the municipalities on the other. The review of the various studies and developments distributed over a decade shows that there has been a significant interest in Turkey for improving the CZM practices and for ‘integration’ of the management.

APPLICATIONS OF A 3-D NUMERICAL MODEL TO CIRCULATION IN COASTAL WATERS

A three dimensional baroclinic numerical model which consists of hydrodynamic, transport and turbulence model components, has been applied to two test cases, including: the wind induced flow in a laboratory basin and tidal flow in a model rectangular harbor. The agreement between the physical and numerical model results is highly encouraging. Model has been implemented to Ölüdeniz Lagoon located at the Mediterranean coast of Turkey to simulate tidal and wind driven currents. M2 tide is the dominant tidal constituent for the area. There exist some field measurements performed on water salinity, water temperature and current pattern in Ölüdeniz Lagoon. Even though measurements provide only some preliminary data for the site, favorable results have been obtained from the application of the model to a real coastal water body.

An NGO role in enhancing integrated coastal management in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea: The MEDCOAST experience

Abstract In the early 1990s, integrated coastal management (ICM) in the Mediterranean basin found general acceptance as an important issue both at national and international levels, and since then it has been, though slowly, steadily developed. Donor organizations such as the European Union and the World Bank, and the UNEPs Mediterranean Action Plan played catalyst roles in this development by initiating and supporting pilot projects. In 1992, the European Union launched the Mediterranean programs in by 1999 which the environment, and especially the coastal environment, was considered as a priority issue. Parallel to this development, several NGO initiatives took place for public awareness on pressing coastal issues and in training and education. The idea of MEDCOAST, which is an NGO network of Euro-Mediterranean academic institutions, was born in 1990 and the new initiative was launched in two directions in 1993. One of these was the organization of the First International Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment ( 2–5 November 1993 , Antalya , Turkey ), which placed strong emphasis on the management issues. The second was the development of a project proposal to the Med-Campus program of the European Union. The project, which had the title of Educational Programs in Coastal Zone Management , was selected for funding and became operational in early 1994. The first international training program organized by MEDCOAST was the MEDCOAST Institute 94: Coastal Zone Management in the Mediterranean . This three-week long training effort took place in August–September 1994. Since then, MEDCOAST organized eight training programs in by 1999 five different countries, which were participated by 173 professionals representing 31 countries. Development of an international Masters Degree program in ICM was the second goal of the MEDCOASTs Med-Campus project. Efforts for pursuing this goal are still continuing. This paper elaborates the potential for the NGOs contribution to training and education in the field of integrated coastal management in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea by introducing the MEDCOAST experience. It presents the past and planned MEDCOAST efforts and discusses the strengths and limitations of the role of NGOs at the regional scale.

A baroclinic three dimensional numerical model applied to coastal lagoons

An implicit baroclinic unsteady three-dimensional model (HIDROTAM3) which consists of hydrodynamic, transport and turbulence model components, has been implemented to two real coastal water bodies namely, oludeniz Lagoon located at the Mediterranean coast and Bodrum Bay located at the Aegean Sea coast of Turkey. M2 tide is the dominant tidal constituent for the coastal areas. The flow patterns in the coastal areas are mainly driven by the wind force. Model predictions are highly encouraging and provide favorable results.

Overtopping of Solitary Waves at Model Sea Dikes

Tanah Lot Temple is situated in Tabanan Regency - Bali, on the coast of the Indonesian Ocean. Due to continuous wave attack, wind force, and weathering of the rock bank where the Temple stands, abrasion has occured which is more and more threatening the existence of the Temple. Considering that Tanah Lot Temple is a sacred place for the Hindu Balinese people and a place of high cultural value, and also an important tourism, steps to save the Temple are imperative. The Central as well as the Regional Authorities, and also the Bali nese community are very much interested in the effort to keep the Temple intact. Measures have been undertaken to protect both the seaside and land-side banks of the Temple rock bank. This paper only discusses counter measures of the sea —side bank of the Temple.

Simulation of water exchange in enclosed water bodies

A 0-D (box type) mathematical flushing model and a threedimensional baroclinic numerical model have been presented that are used to simulate transport processes in coastal waters. The numerical model consists of hydrodynamic, transport and turbulence model components. In the hydrodynamic model component, the Navier-Stokes equations are solved with the Boussinesq approximation. The transport model component consists of the pollutant transport model and the water temperature and salinity transport models. In this component, the three dimensional convective diffusion equations are solved for each of the three quantities. In the turbulence model, a two-equation k-Ɛ formulation is solved to calculate the kinetic energy of the turbulence and its rate of dissipation, which provides the variable vertical turbulent eddy viscosity. Horizontal eddy viscosity can be simulated by the Smagorinsky algebraic sub-grid scale turbulence model. The solution method is a composite finite differencefinite element method. In the horizontal plane finite difference approximations and in the vertical plane finite element shape functions are used. The governing equations are solved implicitly in the Cartesian coordinate system. The horizontal mesh sizes can be variable. To increase the vertical resolution, grid clustering can be applied. In the treatment of coastal land boundaries, the flooding and drying processes can be considered. The developed numerical model predictions are verified by the hydraulic model studies conducted on the forced flushing of marinas in enclosed seas.