Ergin Murat Altuner

High hydrostatic pressure extraction of phenolic compounds from Maclura pomifera fruits

High hydrostatic pressure processing (HHPP) is a food processing method, in which food is subjected to the elevated pressure which is mostly between 100 to 800 MPa. HHPP is seen not only in food engineering, but also have other application areas, such as extraction of active ingredients from natural biomaterials. In this study, several extraction conditions such as two different solvents [methanol and solvent cocktail (dH 2 O:ethanol:methanol:acetone:CH2Cl2 - 1:2.5:2.5:2:2)], two different pressures for high hydrostatic pressure extraction (HHPE) (250 and 500 MPa), three different extraction methods (shaking at room temperature, soxhlet extractor and HHPE) and different extraction times for each extraction method (10 min for HHPE, 2 h for shaking and 14 h for soxhlet extraction) were used in order to extract phenolic compounds from Maclura pomifera fruits. The highest amount of phenolic compounds (913.173 μg gallic acid equivalent (GAE/mL) was observed in HHPE at 500 MPa using solvent cocktail, where the lowest amount (316.877 μg GAE/mL) was in soxhlet extraction using methanol. In terms of extraction efficiency, the highest amount of extraction is seen in the shortest time period. It was observed that HHPE in solvent cocktail was the most effective method when compared to the other methods tested. Key words : Maclura pomifera , Osage orange, hedge apple, phenolic compound, high hydrostatic pressure extraction.

High hydrostatic pressure processing: a method having high success potential in pollen protein extraction

Even a single peptide that is present in the pollen wall and cytoplasm could cause pollen allergy. To produce skin-prick test kits, the first step is the extraction of these molecules. In this study, Cedrus atlantica pollens were subjected to 220 and 330 MPa for 10 and 30 min in order to extract these molecules. After high hydrostatic pressure processing (HHPP), the total amounts of proteins (TAPs) are measured and compared with the results of the conventional extraction method (CEM). As a result, the TAPs extracted by HHPP is 18.0210 μ g/mL at 220 MPa for 10 min, 22.5770 μ g/mL at 220 MPa for 30 min, 23.3810 μ g/mL at 330 MPa for 10 min and 25.9270 μ g/mL at 330 MPa for 30 min, while this is 1.9460 μ g/mL in 24 h by the CEM. In addition to these results, visual pollen deformation and eruption, pollen wall and surface damage have also been observed.

DNA protection, antioxidant, antibacterial and enzyme inhibition activities of heartwood and sapwood extracts from juniper and olive woods

In this study, DNA protective, antioxidant, antibacterial and enzyme inhibiting properties of methanol extracts obtained from juniper and olive heartwood and sapwood were determined. These extracts were tested by five antioxidant methods (DPPH scavenging, FRAP, CUPRAC, metal chelating and phosphomolybdenum). Generally, heartwood extracts of both species are more efficient for DPPH radical scavenging activity, cupric ion reducing activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power and metal chelating activity than sapwood extracts. When compared to heartwood extracts, sapwood extracts have larger inhibition zone in disk diffusion test. In addition, all extracts showed high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. DNA protection of both extracts had a capacity to inhibit the DNA damage arisen from Fentons reagent. The highest DNA protective activity was observed in juniper sapwood extract with 84%. Furthermore, other extracts also indicated more than 60% of DNA protective activity. Olive wood extracts displayed the strongest enzyme inhibition activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Although juniper heartwood extracts showed highest anti-amylase, anti-glucosidase and anti-tyrosinase effects, they had no ability for inhibition BChE. The methanol extracts of olive samples demonstrated the most antioxidant activity (DPPH, CUPRAC and FRAP). In addition, juniper samples showed the highest anti-amylase, anti-tyrosinase, metal chelating and DNA protective activity. According to these results, the extracts of juniper and olive wood can be considered as a source of natural bio active agents for dietary, pharmacological and medicinal applications. This research will also serve as a base for future studies about biological activities of wood extracts.

The effect of high hydrostatic pressure on the physiological and biochemical properties of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings

High hydrostatic pressure is a non-thermal food processing technology, which also has several successful applications in different areas besides food processing. In this study, Capsicum annuum L. (pepper) seeds are subjected to 50, 100, 200 and 300 MPa pressure for 5 min at 25°C and the seedlings of HHP processed seeds are used to compare percentage of seed germination and biochemical properties such as chlorophyll a, b and a/b, proline content, total protein, carotenoid, malondialdehyde, glucose, fructose and phenolic compounds concentrations. As a result of the study, it was observed that there are remarkable changes in terms of biochemical properties especially for seedlings, whose seeds were pressurized at 200 and 300 MPa. More detailed studies are needed to put forward the mechanism behind the changes in biochemical properties.

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on the profile of proteins extracted from Betula pendula pollens

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) has high success potential in pollen protein extraction, but its effect on pollen protein profiles has not been studied yet. The aim of this study is to put forward whether HHP processing causes a change in the protein profiles extracted from pollens or not. In this study, proteins extracted from Betula pendula pollens were studied at 100, 200 and 300 MPa at room temperature for 5 min. In addition, the efficiency of three different extraction solvents, namely phosphate buffer saline (PBS) buffer pH 7.5, trichloroacetic acid–acetone and Tris–HCl buffer pH 8.8, was also observed, and the results were compared with the conventional pollen protein extraction procedure. As a result, it is concluded that 200 MPa for 5 min has extracted similar amounts of protein compared with the conventional extraction method which lasted for 24 h, which lasted for 24 h. On the other hand, the application time for 200 MPa for 5 min is extremely shorter when it is compared to the conventional extraction method.

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on seed germination, microbial quality, anatomy–morphology and physiological characteristics of garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seedlings

High hydrostatic pressure is a non-thermal food processing technology that is found to increase the percentage of germination, decrease the germination time and improve the microbial quality of seeds. In this study, pressures of 100–400 MPa for 10 min at 30°C are used to compare the percentage of germination, the microbial quality of seeds, chlorophyll a and b, and total phenolic compounds concentrations in seedlings, and the anatomy–morphology characteristics of garden cress. Enhanced reductions of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total and fecal coliforms, and yeast and mould populations in seeds were observed, especially at 300 MPa. In addition, the percentage of germination, chlorophyll content and phenolic compounds concentrations, fresh and dry weights, and hypocotyl lengths of the seedlings are higher than those of all samples, where the percentage of germination is equal to controls but higher than other samples, and radicula length is lower than controls but higher than others.

Potential of High Hydrostatic Pressure to Improve the Production of Plants Used as Food

Abstract High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is one of the nonthermal food treatment practices. While using HHP in food processing, the food samples are sealed in its final package and subjected to a high level of isostatic pressure. The pressure applied on food samples ranges from 100 to 800MPa or in some cases even higher pressures, where water is used as a pressure-transmitting medium. HHP is used in food processing for several purposes, such as sterilization, coagulation, and gelation. Besides food processing, there are some other potential uses of HHP in different areas, such as conducting HHP on plants used as food to change some physiological and biochemical properties, which can be accepted as an improvement, when it is compared to the unpressurized plant samples. In addition, since HHP is a nonthermal food treatment method, it does not destroy the embryo in the seeds to some extent, which can, in contrast, be observed after thermal processing. Thus, HHP can be used safely to process the plant seeds. In this chapter, the potential of HHP on improving the production of plants used as food will be discussed.

In vitro antimicrobial screening of Aquilaria agallocha roots

Background: It was previously shown that some parts of Aquilaria agallocha, which is commonly known as oud or oodh, such as roots have been used as a traditional medical herbal in different countries. In Turkey A. agallocha is one of the ingredients while preparing famous Mesir paste, which was invented as a medicinal paste and used from the Ottoman period to now at least for 500 years. The identification the in vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of A. agallocha roots is main purpose of this analysis. Materials and Methods: By using 17 bacteria and 1 fungi, which include Bacillus, Candida, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Listeria, Pseudomonas, Salmonella and Staphylococcus genera, the activity of A. agallocha root extracts were analysed by the help of the disk diffusion method, that is one of the methods commonly used to determine antimicrobial activities. Results: As a result of the study it was observed that ethanol extracts of A. agallocha roots have a clear antimicrobial activity against nearly all microorganism used in the study, but only two bacteria namely E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. typhimurium SL 1344. Conclusion: According to the disk diffusion test results it may be possible to propose that A. agallocha roots should have a medicinal uses especially against E. faecium, L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644, B. subtilis DSMZ 1971, C. albicans DSMZ 1386, S. epidermidis DSMZ 20044 and S. aureus ATCC 25923.

In vitro antimicrobial activity screening of Xylaria hypoxylon

Background: Fungi have a potential of using both as nutritive and medicinal food stuff. Because of containing several therapeutic agents, they are reported to be used for hundreds of years to treat several diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. The aim of this study is to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of Xylaria hypoxylon, which were collected from Yomra, Trabzon, Turkey. Materials and Methods: X. hypoxylon samples were air dried and extracted by using ethanol. Antimicrobial activity of X. hypoxylon ethanol extracts were investigated against 21 bacterial and 2 fungal strains, namely, Bacillus subtilis DSMZ 1971, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida albicans DSMZ 1386, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Escherichia coli CFAI, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria innocula, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSMZ 50071, Pseudomonas fluorescence P1, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13075, Salmonella infantis, Salmonella kentucky, Salmonella typhimurium SL 1344, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus carnosus MC1.B, Staphylococcus epidermidis DSMZ 20044 and Streptococcus agalactiae DSMZ 6784 by using the disk diffusion method. Results: It is observed that ethanol extracts of X. hypoxylon has antimicrobial activity against several Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms tested. As a result of the study, an antimicrobial activity of X. hypoxylon found against most of strains used in the study. Conclusion: The results of our study clearly puts forward that X. hypoxylon could have a possible medicinal use.

Antimicrobial Activity of Mnium marginatum Extracts

The aim of this study is to observe the antimicrobial activity of Mnium marginatum extracts. In this study, 4 different solvents (acetone, chloroform, methanol and sterile distilled water (sdH2O)) were used for the extraction and the antimicrobial activity of the extracts were tested by disc diffusion method against some gram positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Staphylococcus aereus ATCC 29213), gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076) and yeasts (Candida glabrata RSKK 04019, Candida albicans ATCC 90028). According to the disc diffusion test results, the antimicrobial activity of chloroform extract of M. marginatum against E. coli ATCC 25922 (15 mm) was the highest when compared to others, where the lowest activity was the chloroform and sdH2O extracts against C. glabrata RSKK 04019 (6 mm).