Erick Sarmiento-Gomez

Microrheology and Characteristic Lengths in Wormlike Micelles made of a Zwitterionic Surfactant and SDS in Brine

We study the Brownian motion of probe particles embedded in a wormlike micellar fluid made of a zwitterionic surfactant N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (TDPS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and salty water to get structural and dynamical information of the micellar network. The motion of the probe particles was tracked with diffusing wave spectroscopy, and the mean square displacement as a function of time for the particles was obtained. This allowed us to obtain the long-time diffusion coefficient for microspheres moving in the micellar network and the cage size where each particle is harmonically bound at short times in that network. The bulk mechanical susceptibility of the fluid determines the response of the probe particles excited by the thermal stochastic forces. As a consequence, the mean square displacement curves allowed us to calculate the elastic (storage) and the viscous (loss) moduli as a function of the frequency. From these curves, spanning a wide frequency range, we estimated the characteristic lengths as the mesh size, the entanglement length, the persistence length, and the contour length for micellar solutions of different zwitterionic surfactant concentration, surfactant ratio ([SDS]/[TDPS]), salt concentration, and temperature. Mesh size, entanglement length, and persistence length are almost insensitive to the change of these variables. In contrast, the contour length changes in an important way. The contour length becomes shorter as the temperature increases, and it presents a peak at a surfactant ratio of ∼0.50-0.55. When salt is added to the solution, the contour length presents a peak at a salt concentration of ∼0.225 M, and in some solutions, this length can reach values of ∼12 μm. Scission energies help us to understand why the contour length first increases and then decreases when salt is added.

Mean-square displacement of particles in slightly interconnected polymer networks.

Structural and viscoelastic properties of slightly interconnected polymer networks immersed in a solvent have been studied in two cases: when the polymer network is building up and when the polymer network is shrinking stepwise in a controlled way. To accomplish this goal, the mean square displacement (MSD) of embedded microspheres in the polymer network was measured as a function of time, with diffusive wave spectroscopy. Particle motion was analyzed in terms of a model, based on a Fokker-Planck type equation, developed for describing particles in Brownian motion within a network that constrain their movement. The model reproduces well the experimental features observed in the MSD vs t curves. The variation of the parameters describing the structure of the network can be understood as the polymerization comes about, and also after the successive volume contractions. In addition, from the MSD curves, the complex shear moduli were obtained in a wide range of frequencies when the network is building up, and at the different shrinking states of the network. Our microrheological results give an insight about the dynamics of embedded particles in slightly interconnected networks, which were also compared with similar results for polymers without interconnections and polymer gels.

Rheology and DWS microrheology of concentrated suspensions of the semiflexible filamentous fd virus

Microrheology measurements were performed on suspensions of bacteriophage fd with diffusive wave spectroscopy in the concentrated regime, at different values of ionic strength. Viscosity vs. shear rate was also measured, and the effect of bacteriophage concentration and salt addition on shear thinning was determined, as well as on the peaks in the viscosity vs. shear curves corresponding to a transition from tumbling to wagging flow. The influence of concentration and salt addition on the mean square displacement of microspheres embedded in the suspensions was determined, as well as on their viscoelastic moduli up to high angular frequencies. Our results were compared with another microrheology technique previously reported where the power spectral density of thermal fluctuations of embedded micron-sized particles was evaluated. Although both results in general agree, the diffusive wave spectroscopy results are much less noisy and can reach larger frequencies. A comparison was made between measured and calculated shear modulus. Calculations were made employing the theory for highly entangled isotropic solutions of semiflexible polymers using a tube model, where various ways of calculating the needed parameters were used. Although some features are captured by the model, it is far from the experimental results mainly at high frequencies.

Absorption effects in diffusing wave spectroscopy

The effect of absorption in diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) was studied using an absorption-dependent diffusive equation for describing the light propagation within a turbid liquid where dielectric microspheres have been embedded. Here, we propose an expression for the time-averaged light intensity autocorrelation function that correctly describes the time fluctuations for the scattered light, in the regime where the diffusion approximation accurately describes the light propagation. This correction was suspected previously, but it was not formally derived from a light diffusive equation. As in the case of no absorption, we obtained that time fluctuations of the scattered light can be related to the mean square displacement of the embedded particles. However, if a correction for absorption is not taken into account, the colloidal dynamics can be misinterpreted. Experimental results show that this new formulation correctly describes the time fluctuations of scattered light. This new procedure extends the applicability of DWS, and it opens the possibility of doing microrheology with this optical method in systems where absorption cannot be avoided.

Short-time dynamics of monomers and dimers in quasi-two-dimensional colloidal mixtures.

We report on the short-time dynamics in colloidal mixtures made up of monomers and dimers highly confined between two glass plates. At low concentrations, the experimental measurements of colloidal motion agree well with the solution of the Navier-Stokes equation at low Reynolds numbers; the latter takes into account the increase in the drag force on a colloidal particle due to wall-particle hydrodynamic forces. More importantly, we find that the ratio of the short-time diffusion coefficient of the monomer and that of the center of mass of the dimmer is almost independent of both the dimer molar fraction, x_{d}, and the total packing fraction, ϕ, up to ϕ≈0.5. At higher concentrations, this ratio displays a small but systematic increase. A similar physical scenario is observed for the ratio between the parallel and the perpendicular components of the short-time diffusion coefficients of the dimer. This dynamical behavior is corroborated by means of molecular dynamics computer simulations that include explicitly the particle-particle hydrodynamic forces induced by the solvent. Our results suggest that the effects of colloid-colloid hydrodynamic interactions on the short-time diffusion coefficients are almost identical and factorable in both species.

Study of the effect of temperature on the optical properties of Latin skins

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a very effective technique for treatment of certain types of cancer, among the most common, skin cancer. PDT requires the presence of three elements: the photosensitizer, light and oxygen. Penetration depth of light into the tumor depends on both the characteristics of the tissue to be treated and the wavelength. As the light dose to be delivered in each lesion depends on the optical properties of the tissue, all the effects that change these properties should be considered in order to choose suitable doses. There are some studies that have determined the maximum dose of radiation tolerated for certain types of skin, but the influence of the temperature on the optical properties, especially for darker skin types, remains unknown. In this study, we analyzed the optical properties of skin in vivo of different Latin volunteers in order to study the influence of the temperature on the optical properties and thereby to define more precisely the dose of light to be received by each patient in a personalized way. The optical properties of skin in vivo were investigated using an optical system that included an integrating sphere, a tungsten lamp and a spectrophotometer. Such experimental set up-allowed to obtain spectra reflectance of various volunteers and from this measurement, the absorption coefficient was recovered by Inverse Adding Doubling (IAD) program.

Brownian motion of optically anisotropic spherical particles in polymeric suspensions.

Abstract.We studied the rotational and translational diffusion of optically anisotropic liquid crystal particles embedded in semidiluted polymer solutions of Poly-Ethylene-Oxide (PEO) at different concentrations and different molecular weights. The polymer radius of gyration was chosen to be similar to the size of the probe particles and the polymer concentrations used are just above the crossover concentration. Thus, the system consists of solid probe particles moving in a sea of overlapping particles of similar size. We found that the behavior of both particle dynamics, rotational and translational, is similar in the range of concentrations considered here. In both cases, two linear diffusive regimes are observed, separated by a subdiffusive time interval. The spatial scale at which this intermediate regime appears shows a dependence on both the polymer concentration and molecular weight, and has a value similar to the thickness of the polymer-depleted layer usually found in this kind of systems. Additionally, we observe that the colloidal dynamic scales with the overlapping degree of the polymer particles.Graphical abstract

A dynamical light scattering technique and its application in viscoelastic networks in soft matter

In this paper, we present a dynamic light scattering technique using diffusing wave spectroscopy to track the dynamics of colloidal particles embedded in a complex fluid which allows us to obtain structural and dynamical information of a transparent viscoelastic material. Scattered light of a single speckle is detected by a photomultiplier tube and the time correlation function of light intensity is calculated using a temporal average. If the particles can not explore the entire phase space, temporal average and ensemble average are not the same. This is a necessary condition to relate ensemble average from the scattering by many particles to intensity temporal fluctuations. To overcome non-ergodicity for large lag times, a CCD camera is used for the acquisition of the scattered light were pixels form an array of detectors which enables us to perform thousands of simultaneous experiments. In this manner, the time correlation function is obtained directly by taking the ensamble average instead of using a temporal average. For short lag times, the non-ergodicity problem can be avoided by remixing the scattered light coming from the sample by the use of a slowly rotating diffuser disk placed before the collection optics of the photomultiplier tube. This procedure provides a true ensemble-averaged time correlation function over ~ 7-8 decades of time. As an example of the application of this technique, the dynamics of microspheres embedded in cross-linked polymer matrix, namely, an acrylamide-bisacrylamide gel is studied. This polymer network is known to swell or shrink by changing the solvent composition. The description of the arrested dynamics of the microspheres can be obtained, as well as the viscoelastic properties of the polymer network at different cage sizes.