Erik Monsen

The Organizational Pervasiveness of Entrepreneurial Orientation

While 30 years of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) research has demonstrated that EO provides critical insights into questions of organizational–level strategy and performance, how EO manifests inside organizations has received little attention. Instead of assuming that EO is homogenous, we examine the questions of how and why EO might pervade organizations heterogeneously along three dimensions: vertically across hierarchy levels, horizontally across business units, and temporally as an organization develops. We then present three models for how EO can dynamically pervade organizations and discuss how examining the pervasiveness of EO can further our understanding of entrepreneurship as an organizational phenomenon.

New Venture and Family Business Teams: Understanding Team Formation, Composition, Behaviors, and Performance

New ventures are frequently started by entrepreneurial teams rather than lone entrepreneurs. Often, team members have family ties. Yet, there has been relatively little research on new venture and family business teams. The papers in this special issue address this gap by studying team formation and composition, faultlines among team members, generational involvement in teams, the influence of shared organizational experience and functional homogeneity, and the likelihood of couples, biologically related, and unrelated teams achieving first sales. Combined, they suggest that relationships are more important than skill diversity in determining the effectiveness of both family business and new venture teams.

Beyond Simple Utility: Incentive Design and Trade-Offs for Corporate Employee-Entrepreneurs

To strengthen the theoretical foundations of incentive system design for corporate entrepreneurship, we develop a moderated model of new venture participation, integrating financial, risk, and effort factors to more comprehensively understand the limits of economic utility maximization theory. We make explicit the trade–offs and opportunity costs for corporate employee–entrepreneurs. We use a conjoint field experiment to collect data on 1952 decisions made by 61 corporate employees to test how risk and effort moderate an employees decision to participate in a new corporate venture. We find that these factors do interact to affect the choice to engage in corporate entrepreneurship projects.

Entrepreneurship Capital: A Regional, Organizational, Team, and Individual Phenomenon

We review the role entrepreneurship capital in regional economic performance and extend it to explain the economic and entrepreneurial performance of organizations, teams, and individuals. Drawing on entrepreneurship and social capital research, we demonstrate that researchers at different level of analysis are in fact modeling the same underlying multi-level concept: entrepreneurship capital. We identify elements of entrepreneurship capital at and across the levels. Where there are gaps, we suggest new directions for research, public policy, and management practice that focus on enhancing organizational, interpersonal, and personal factors which promote entrepreneurial action at and across regional, organizational, team, and individual levels.

Perceptions of Efficacy, Control, and Risk: A Theory of Mixed Control

Based on the aggregated insights of the existing theories related to multiple sources of efficacy and locus of control, we introduce the theory of mixed control, a model of compound-risk perception. This theory considers outcome expectancies as being composed of expectancies regarding three distinct sources of risk (self, others, and chance). This reflects that entrepreneurship is a complex and dynamic activity, involving multiple sources of risk. Beliefs about the efficacy of these elements are weighted by the degree to which these elements are perceived to control the outcome. The interaction of efficacy and control beliefs is therefore at the core of our theory. Further, we discuss that risks are not only subjectively perceived but can be endogenous and depend on future decisions and actions of the entrepreneur.

Founder, Academic, or Employee? A Nuanced Study of Career Choice Intentions

We add novel insights to the debate about why individuals choose to start their own firm by comparing entrepreneurial intentions to the intentions to work at a university as an academic and to be employed in a private firm. To model this more complex set of career choices, we examine novel multiplicative aspects of the theory of planned behavior () and test our hypotheses on survey data of 15,866 students from 13 European countries. Multinomial logistic regression analyses reveal how the different elements influence career preferences and demonstrate the moderating effects of perceived controllability and desirability.

Empirical Evidence of Organizational Citizenship Behavior from the Health Care Industry

Abstract This study examined individual and work group correlates of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) among a group of 340 technically skilled, professional, and managerial hospital employees (261 women and 79 men). Individual as well as group characteristics influenced organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). Implications for leaders and leadership are discussed. Proposals for future research are made.

Flexibility and Efficiency of a Transport-Equation Turbulence Model for Three-Dimensional Flow

For the prediction of the aerodynamic performance of aircraft or aircraft components, the modeling of the viscous, in particular the turbulent effects is of ever increasing importance. In order to improve the quality of numerical simulations of complex configurations, a more general description of the fluid dynamics as well as a high flexibility in relation to the topology of the computation and high numerical efficiency is required. In this work an algebraic turbulence model, the Baldwin-Lomax model, and a transport equation turbulence model, the two-equation k-ω model of Wilcox, are used for the simulation of the flow around a realistic 3-D Wing-Body configuration. Using single and multiblock versions of the same grid, it is shown that the k-ω model delivers the same results, independent of the number or structure of the blocks, whereas the Baldwin-Lomax model does not. In terms of additional costs, the k-ω model required, for the same number of iterations on the same grid, approximately 40% more memory and 50% more time than the Baldwin-Lomax model. Additionally, issues of grid convergence and a surface roughness boundary condition for the k-ω model are also discussed.

Anreize und Motivation für unternehmerisches Handeln in etablierten Firmen

ZusammenfassungDie vorliegende Studie untersucht auf Basis eines erwartungstheoretischen Bezugsrahmens die Frage, wie die Eigenschaften unternehmerischer Projekte etablierter Firmen deren Mitarbeiter motivieren, an diesen Projekten teilzunehmen. Dabei wird der Einfluss der wahrgenommenen Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit, Arbeitsplatzrisiko, Entlohnungsrisiko, zu erwartendem Einsatz sowie gebotener Erfolgsbeteiligungen im Hinblick auf die Teilnahmeentscheidung der Mitarbeiter analysiert. Zudem wird untersucht, ob die wahrgenommene Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit einen moderierenden Einfluss auf andere Einflussfaktoren hat. Eine Conjoint-Studie von 1472 Teilnahmeentscheidungen von 46 Mitarbeitern etablierter Technologiefirmen unterstützt weite Teile des postulierten Modells. Implikationen für die wissenschaftliche Literatur und die Managementpraxis werden diskutiert.SummaryIn this article we draw on an expectancy theory perspective to analyze the factors motivating employees to participate in corporate venturing projects. We state that the decisions of employees to participate in such projects depend on the perceived success probability, job risk, pay risk, required work effort, and profit sharing associated with the project. Moreover, we argue that the employees’ perceived success probability moderates the effect of the other factors. We use a conjoint study to collect data on 1472 participation decisions nested within 46 employees of established technology-based corporations. Our data confirm major parts of our model. We discuss implications of our results for the corporate entrepreneurship literature and for practicing managers.

The Outlier Phenomenon in Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: Mollycoddling Policies Create New Zealand's Perfect Storm

Analyzing GEM 2005 data, we confirm that entrepreneurship and economic development form a U-shaped curve. We seek to understand New Zealand’s large deviation from the modeled curve by factor-analyzing all countries’ deviations from the curve. We make recommendations that would move New Zealand toward the trend line and thus aid in increasing its level of economic development. Our findings indicate that measures that overprotect workers, spoil incentives, or indulge welfare passivity can stymie economic growth even in conditions of high entrepreneurial activity.