Erik Peper

The Physiological Correlates of Kundalini Yoga Meditation: A Study of a Yoga Master

This study explores the physiological correlates of a highly practiced Kundalini Yoga meditator. Thoracic and abdominal breathing patterns, heart rate (HR), occipital parietal electroencephalograph (EEG), skin conductance level (SCL), and blood volume pulse (BVP) were monitored during prebaseline, meditation, and postbaseline periods. Visual analyses of the data showed a decrease in respiration rate during the meditation from a mean of 11 breaths/min for the pre- and 13 breaths/min for the postbaseline to a mean of 5 breaths/min during the meditation, with a predominance of abdominal/diaphragmatic breathing. There was also more alpha EEG activity during the meditation (M = 1.71 μV) compared to the pre- (M = .47 μV) and postbaseline (M = .78 μV) periods, and an increase in theta EEG activity immediately following the meditation (M = .62 μV) compared to the pre-baseline and meditative periods (each with M = .26 μV). These findings suggest that a shift in breathing patterns may contribute to the development of alpha EEG, and those patterns need to be investigated further.

Surface electromyography and mouse use position

This study examines muscle tension and subjective muscle tension awareness while using a computer mouse positioned to the right of a standard computer keyboard and a centrally positioned trackball. Seventeen volunteer subjects experienced in mouse and trackball use were seated at an ergonomically adjusted workstation. Surface electromyography (sEMG) and subjective muscle tension levels were recorded from four muscle groups (left sternocleidomastoid/scalene, right upper trapezius, right posterior deltoid, and right lower trapezius/rhomboids) during 1-min trials with subjects resting with hands in their lap, while using a trackball below the centre of the keyboard, and while using a mouse immediately to the right of a 101-key keyboard. All subjects showed significantly higher mean sEMG activity recorded from the right upper trapezius, right posterior deltoid, and right lower trapezius/rhomboids during mouse use to the right of a standard keyboard (arm abducted) compared to using a trackball positioned centrally, (p < 0.001). sEMG levels remained elevated during the entire trial period of right side mouse use without evidence of microbreaks (< 1 s epochs of low sEMG activity). sEMG activity from the left sternocleidomastoid/scalene muscles showed no significant change from baseline in any condition. Subjective reports of muscle tension did not correlate with sEMG activity. The authors predict that there will be an overall increase in reports of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders (UEMSD) and computer related disorders (CRD) when people abduct their arms in order to reach a mouse positioned to the side of standard width, or wider keyboards. Discussed are the applications of sEMG for evaluation of computer keyboard and pointing device use, appropriate ergonomic equipment design, and a methodology for improving muscle awareness, strengthening, relaxation, and workstyle practices to promote healthier computing.

Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Versus Neck/Trapezius EMG and Incentive Inspirometry Biofeedback for Asthma: A Pilot Study

This pilot study compared biofeedback to increase respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) with EMG and incentive inspirometry biofeedback in asthmatic adults. A three-group design (Waiting List Control n = 5, RSA biofeedback n = 6, and EMG biofeedback n = 6) was used. Six sessions of training were given in each of the biofeedback groups. In each of three testing sessions, five min. of respiratory resistance and EKG were obtained before and after a 20-min biofeedback session. Additional five-min epochs of data were collected at the beginning and end of the biofeedback period (or, in the control group, self-relaxation). Decreases in respiratory impedance occurred only in the RSA biofeedback group. Traub-Hering-Mayer (THM) waves (.03-.12 Hz) in heart period increased significantly in amplitude during RSA biofeedback. Subjects did not report significantly more relaxation during EMG or RSA biofeedback than during the control condition. However, decreases in pulmonary impedance, across groups, were associated with increases in relaxation. The results are consistent with Vaschillos theory that RSA biofeedback exercises homeostatic autonomic reflex mechanisms through increasing the amplitude of cardiac oscillations. However, deep breathing during RSA biofeedback is a possible alternate explanation.

searching for Evidence of Physiological Change

Therapeutic touch, first described by Krieger in 1975 as an act of healing or helping that is akin to the ancient practice of laying-on hands, is proving to be a useful adjunct to orthodox nursing practices. It is being taught as an intrinsic part of the masters curriculum in nursing at New York University, is the subject of continuing education courses and workshops at universities throughout the United States, and has been a part of inservice programs for nurses at several hospitals in the country. Basic to therapeutic touch is the concept that the human body has an excess of energy. The person who administers therapeutic touch engages in an effort to direct his own excess energies for the use of the ill person, who can be thought of as being in less than an optimal energy state(1). This transfer of energy is intentional and is motivated by an interest in the needs of the patient. The state of consciousness in which this is done can best be described as

The Integration of Electromyography (SEMG) at the Workstation: Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention of Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)

This paper reviews the ergonomic and psychosocial factors that affect musculoskeletal disorders at the workstation. First is a model of a physiological assessment protocol that incorporated SEMG monitoring while working at the computer. Next is a study that showed that participants lack awareness of their muscle tension as compared to the actual SEMG levels. The final study illustrated how an intervention program can reduce RSI symptoms, decrease respiration rate, and lower SEMG activity. Recommendations include suggestions that successful safety and prevention programs need multiple components and that participants should to be trained to control physiological responses with respiration and SEMG biofeedback. All participants should master these physiological skills just as they learn how to use the computer.

Fifteen-month follow-up with asthmatics utilizing EMG/incentive inspirometer feedback.

This study reports on the follow-up data of an integrated group program to reduce asthmatic symptoms. The 16 sessions included a comprehensive multibehavioral/desensitization retraining program and utilized EMG/Incentive inspirometer feedback to encourage slow diaphragmatic breathing in all situations. 17 out of 21 volunteers participated in the 15-month follow-up study. At the follow-up all subjects significantly reduced their EMG tension levels while simultaneously increasing their inhalation volumes. Subjects reported reductions in their asthma symptoms, medication use, emergency room visits, and breathless episodes.

Feedback Regulation of the Alpha Electroencephalogram Activity through Control of the Internal and External Parameters

Experiments with feedback stimulation triggered from the subject’s electroencephalogram result in changing the sequential time series of intervals of occipital alpha and intervals of little or no alpha EEG activity. The rate of recurrence of alpha and no-alpha EEG can be changed by regulating the external feedback stimuli or by asking the subject to change his internal state. Four different paradigms were investigated and the results interpreted in terms of the hypothesis that oculomotor functions regulate the occurrence and nonoccurrence of alpha.

The effects of upright and slumped postures on the recall of positive and negative thoughts

This study assessed whether it was easier to generate positive and negative thoughts in either an upright or slumped position. Twenty-four participants, who reported no clinical depression or anxiety, completed the Tellegen absorption questionnaire and a self-assessment of imagery ability. Surface electromyography (sEMG) of zygomaticus major, heart rate, and respiratory rate were assessed across four 1-min counterbalanced conditions of either upright or slumped posture and either positive or negative thought generation. Posttrial checks of compliance were completed. At the end of the study, participants rated which thought was easiest to generate in the two postures. Significantly more participants (22), or 92%, indicated it was easiest to generate positive thoughts in the upright position. ANOVA of sEMG activity significantly distinguished positive and negative thoughts in both positions. Significant correlation coefficients were observed between scores on the Tellegen scale of absorption and the ability to generate thoughts quickly and between self-perceptions of imagery ability with the maintenance of thoughts across time. This study supports the finding that positive thoughts are more easily recalled in the upright posture.

Developing a biofeedback model: alpha EEG feedback as a means for pain control.

Abstract 3 adept meditators voluntarily inserted steel needles into their bodies while physiological measures (EEG, EMG, GSR, EKG, and respiratbn)were recorded. Although each adept used a different passive attention technique, none reported pain. During the insertion, 2 of the 3 Ss increased their alpha EEG activity. The role of alpha EEG and its relationship to pain control is discussed.

The Chutzpah Factor in Altered States of Consciousness.

Medicine. San Francisco. He is Director of the Psychosomatic Medicine Center of Gladman Memorial Hospital, Oakland, and in private practice in Berkeley. During graduate school at the University of California, Berkeley, he was a Woodrow Wilson Fellow, studied at the C. G. Jung Institute in Zurich, Switzerland, and became Director of the Institute for the Study of Consciousness, Berkeley. He has published numerous articles on clinical biofeedback. psychosomatic medicine, and altered states of consciousness research Ken is the co-author of Consciousness East and West and author of Mind as