Erik Schleef

The acquisition of sociolinguistic evaluations among Polish-born adolescents learning English: evidence from perception

In order to achieve full native-like competence in a second language, speakers must also acquire sociolinguistic awareness in that language. This paper reports the results of a study investigating the acquisition of sociolinguistic awareness among immigrant Polish adolescents learning English in the UK. This paper asks whether Polish-born adolescents living in the UK can identify different varieties of British English as well as their native-speaker peer group can and whether they share similar evaluations of these varieties of English as their native-speaker peer group. The results of a variety recognition survey suggest that Polish-born adolescents now living in the UK are not yet able to identify different varieties of English. However, the vast majority of evaluations carried out by Polish- and UK-born adolescents were not statistically different. Furthermore, we see clear evidence of the acquisition of the muted evaluations typically associated with the two varieties of English that are most positively and negatively evaluated among the UK-born adolescents: received pronunciation and Birmingham English. We suggest that our study provides a snapshot of the initial stages of the acquisition of attitudes towards variation in a second language.

Glottal replacement of /t/ in two British capitals: Effects of word frequency and morphological compositionality

This study examines the internal and external constraints on glottal replacement of /t/ among adolescents in London and Edinburgh. Results show that phonological and stylistic constraints play an important role in determining the realizational variation of /t/, as many similar studies have shown. However, there is also clear evidence that our understanding of this phenomenon has been restricted by the limited set of factors that have been investigated previously, as results show that this feature is also constrained by word frequency and morphophonological factors. These findings raise important questions concerning the role of morphological compositionality in language change and the nature of lexical diffusion.

Labiodental fronting of /θ/ in London and Edinburgh: a cross-dialectal study

This study examines the lexical and grammatical diffusion of TH-fronting amongst adolescents in London, where TH-fronting is well established, and Edinburgh, where it is a relatively new phenomenon. Our results reveal that the application of TH-fronting is constrained in Edinburgh in ways that are not relevant for London, and vice versa. Specifically, whereas TH-fronting is sensitive to phonotactic context and prosodic position in Edinburgh, we observe no such effects amongst the London speakers. Morphological complexity, on the other hand, is a significant predictor of TH-fronting in both regions; however, we also find evidence of significant gender differences in the use of fronting in London that do not emerge in our Edinburgh data. We argue that these results attest to the more established nature of TH-fronting in London as compared to Edinburgh. We also address the question of how speech perception influences the emergence and spread of innovative neutralisation phenomena like TH-fronting. The results of this study further highlight the usefulness of a comparative variationist approach to understanding patterns of dialectal variation and change.

Hitting an Edinburgh Target: Immigrant Adolescents’ Acquisition of Variation in Edinburgh English

Since the 1980s, very little sociolinguistic research has been conducted on Edinburgh English. We know next to nothing of how the variation documented by Speitel and Johnston (1983), Romaine (1975) and Miller and Weinert (1998) has played out in real time. This chapter addresses that gap in our knowledge by describing the structured patterns of variation in the speech of Edinburgh adolescents with respect to three variables: word-final (t), (ing) and the verbs used to introduce reported speech and thought (i.e. quotatives). We present data from conversations and reading passages by 21 Edinburgh teenagers, showing how these Edinburgh teenagers are aligning with several qualitatively different variables found throughout British English.

Sociophonetic variation of like in British dialects: effects of function, context and predictability

This study examines sociophonetic variation in different functions of like among adolescents in London and Edinburgh. It attempts to determine the factors that may explain this variation. Our results suggest that the function of like correlates primarily with contextual factors, rather than the phonetic factors of vowel quality, /l/ to vowel duration and /k/ realisation. In particular, the preceding and following segments and their bigram predictability emerge as highly significant, in addition to the boundary strength following like. In both London and Edinburgh, the vowel appears to be the only non-contextual feature that is sensitive to the function of like: quotative be like is more likely to be monophthongised than other functions of like. We argue that the more monophthongal nature of quotative like is due to the syntactic and prosodic context in which it occurs.