Eriko Miyamoto

Bacterial profiles of oral streptococcal and periodontal bacterial species in saliva specimens from Japanese subjects

OBJECTIVE Recent developments in molecular biological techniques have increased understanding of the distribution of oral bacterial species in clinical specimens, though few investigations have been conducted to simultaneously detect oral streptococcal and periodontal species in the same specimens. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the distribution and correlation of 6 oral streptococcal and 6 periodontal species in saliva specimens taken from children and their mothers. DESIGN Seventy-four pairs of children and their mothers were approved to participate in this study. Saliva specimens were collected and bacterial DNA extracted, which was subjected to PCR analyses using species-specific sets of primers. The combinations of species able to be detected simultaneously were determined by statistical analyses. RESULTS Streptococcus sobrinus and Porphyromonas gingivalis were detected more often in the mothers than the children. Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus oralis were detected simultaneously in a significant number of specimens, while the presence of Campylobacter rectus was correlated with the presence of at least one of the red complex species (P. gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythensis). On the other hand, no correlation was shown between the rates of detection of oral streptococcal and periodontal species. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that among streptococcal and periodontal species, several are able to coexist in saliva, while the presence of both does not have an influence on each other.

Distribution of 10 periodontal bacterial species in children and adolescents over a 7-year period

OBJECTIVE There is scant information available regarding the distribution of periodontal bacterial species in children and adolescents over an extended period. The purpose of this study was to compare bacterial profiles in the same individuals over a period of 7 years. SUBJECT AND METHODS Twenty-six children and adolescents from whom dental plaque and saliva specimens were obtained during both the first (1999-2000) and second (2006-2007) periods, were analyzed. Bacterial DNA was extracted from each specimen and the presence of 10 periodontal bacterial species was determined using a PCR method, with a focus on the red complex species of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. RESULTS Subjects with red complex species in saliva specimens obtained during the second collection possessed a significantly higher number of total bacterial species than those without. The detection rate of the red complex species in the second collection period samples was significantly greater in subjects who had two or more species detected in samples taken during the first collection compared with the other subjects. CONCLUSION Subjects possessing red complex species may be at possible risk for infection with a high number of periodontal bacterial species during adolescent and younger adult years.

Sotos syndrome with oligodontia: Case report

Abstract We present a case of Sotos syndrome. A 2-year-1-month-old Japanese boy diagnosed with Sotos syndrome was referred to our clinic for an oral examination. His growth from birth to the age of 4 years 11 months was pronounced above the 97th percentile. The primary teeth erupted extremely early, with the lower central incisors appearing at the age of 5 months, and all the primary teeth except the lower lateral incisors erupted by the age of 2 years 1 month. In addition, the lower permanent first molar erupted at the age of 4 years 6 months. However, mean dental age did not advance with chronological age. The tooth morphology appeared to be normal, however, the primary teeth were easily degraded by attrition, suggesting the poor calcification. A radiographic examination showed congenital missing of the lower primary and permanent lateral incisors, second premolars, and upper first premolars. In addition, the roots of the primary molars were extremely long and the ration of root length to crown length shown in panoramic radiographs was high.

Tooth brushing and dietary habits associated with dental caries experience: Analysis of questionnaire given at recall examination

Abstract Dental caries is known to be a multifactorial disease, and patient habits regarding oral hygiene and snacking are considered to be the most important factors in caries development. In this study, tooth brushing and dietary habits associated with dental caries experience were analyzed. Dental caries experience was expressed as decayed and filled permanent teeth (DFT) and primary teeth (dft). The DFT values of adolescent patients (13–15 years of age) recorded in 2006 were significantly lower than those recorded in 2001 ( P P P P P

Evaluation of recall examination system used in our clinic

In pediatric dentistry, it is important to continue periodical examinations after the initial treatment as the child continues to grow and develop, and a recall system used for patient follow-up is crucial for effective treatment by pediatric dentists. We developed our own recall system and have used it for more than 25 years. In this study, we evaluated clinical parameters for dental caries and periodontal disease in selected patients, and analyzed the correlation between them and the number of consecutive years each patient participated in recall examinations. The subjects were 9-, 12-, and 15-year-old children who came to our clinic for a periodical examination in the summer of 2005, in whom we analyzed several indices of dental caries and focused on their relationship to number of years of follow-up. There were no significant differences between the number of consecutive years and plaque index among the 3 age groups, though a negative correlation tendency was found in the 15-year-old group. Similar results were found between number of years and the rate of DFT. However, there was a significantly negative correlation between the number of consecutive years of follow-up and DFT scores for first permanent molars in our patients. Our recall system for follow-up examinations, which include brushing practice, diet consultation, and caries preventive treatment (application of fluoride and fissure sealant), was shown to be effective for maintaining the oral health of our pediatric dental patients.

Clinical and microbiological evaluations of children with hypophosphatasia affected by periodontitis

Abstract Four patients with hypophosphatasia, including twin brothers and younger and older sisters, were analyzed longitudinally. Ten periodontitisrelated bacterial species in dental plaque were detected using a Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with species-specific sets of primers. Further, clinical parameters related to periodontal conditions were recorded at each visit. One of the twins, who had experienced early exfoliation of the primary teeth, had a greater number of bacterial species than his brother, who had no alveolar bone loss. Both of the sisters experienced early exfoliation of their primary teeth, and the average numbers of tested bacterial species were higher in other subjects of the same age. Our results indicate that impaired cementum tissue caused by hypophosphatasia may produce favorable sites for colonization of periodontitis-related bacteria.

Multiple sites of idiopathic internal resorption in primary dentition: A case report

Abstract We treated a rare case with multiple sites of idiopathic internal resorption in primary dentition. A 3-year-old Japanese boy with no history of medical or dental disorders was referred by a general dentist for management of multiple sites of internal resorption in the primary teeth. Those with internal resorption had a pinkish color, however, no symptoms were noted. An X-ray photographic examination revealed round radiolucent lesions in the crown pulp of the upper right first primary molar, as well as in the roots of the lower right primary canine, upper left central primary incisor, and lower right lateral primary incisor. A histological examination of pulp removed from the right lower lateral primary incisor revealed increases in blood vessels, lymphocytes, and macrophages, while odontoclasts were not identified. Resorption of the teeth progressed rapidly and the lower right primary canine spontaneously exfoliated. Thereafter, endodontic treatment using Vitapex® halted the progress of tooth resorption. Our findings showed that early diagnosis, endodontic treatment, and short-interval follow-up examinations are needed to preserve teeth from rapid internal root resorption.

Idiopathic external root resorption with alveolar bone loss: Case report and microbiological evaluation

Abstract A case of idiopathic external root resorption identified in a girl aged 4 years and 2 months (4Y2M) is presented. The patient visited our clinic with a chief complaint of spontaneous pain in the area of the lower left primary canine. An intraoral examination revealed severe mobility of the affected tooth, while its marginal gingiva was swollen with a maximum periodontal pocket depth of 5mm. Irrigation of the periodontal pocket and general administration of antibiotics relieved the symptoms within 1 week. However, spontaneous pain recurred in the same area at 5Y0M. External root resorption was found with alveolar bone loss on the distal side, and microbiological analyses using broadrange polymerase chain reaction and sequencing methods were carried out with saliva and subgingival dental plaque specimens. In dental plaque specimens from unaffected regions and saliva specimens, Neisseria and Streptococcus species were frequently identified throughout the observation period. On the other hand, Prevotella and Fusobacterium species were predominant species in the dental plaque specimens from the area of the affected tooth. These results indicate that periodontopathic bacterial species rarely seen in children may have inhabited periodontal pockets formed from external root resorption in the present case.

Evaluation of transitional changes of sub-gingival bacterial species in twins with gingival fibromatosis

Abstract Gingival fibromatosis is a condition of uncommon gingival overgrowth, with hereditary causes regarded to be associated with the most common form. The condition is generally non-inflammatory, though secondary gingival inflammation occurs in some cases due to formation of anaerobic spaces between gingiva and teeth. We present a case of identical twin brothers aged 11 years 9 months who came to our clinic with complaints of gingival esthetic problems. They were both diagnosed with hereditary gingival fibromatosis and gingivectomies were performed. At 14 years 11 months of age, they returned with gingival swelling, though the inflammation and corresponding conditions were significantly different from those seen at the first visit, as the older twin showed severe gingival inflammation, while the younger had moderate inflammation. A microbiological analysis was carried out using a PCR technique, which specifically identified Porphyromonas gingivalis , Treponema denticola , and Tannerella forsythensis in plaque samples taken from sites of severe inflammation in both patients. The numbers of periodontitis-related species decreased as gingival conditions improved with treatment, including removal of calculus and tooth brushing instruction, and microbiological findings were correlated with clinical conditions. Our findings show that monitoring of periodontitis-related bacterial species is beneficial for evaluating the effects of periodontal treatment with a scientific basis.

Clinical and microbiological evaluations of mandibular lateral incisor with radicular-gingival groove

We present a case of radicular-gingival groove identified in the mandibular left lateral incisor. A female visited our clinic at the age of 11Y5M complaining of repeated gingival inflammation. An intraoral examination found severe gingival swelling in the affected region, while clinical examinations revealed a groove from the cingulum to the apex of the mandibular left lateral incisor. A gingivectomy and professional brushing instruction were performed, with follow-up examinations given periodically. After a long interval, the patient returned at the age of 18Y4M and reported that gingival inflammation had repeatedly occurred. Subgingival dental plaque samples were collected from the affected area as well as areas around 3 normal teeth with a periodontal healthy condition, along with a saliva sample. Using bacterial DNA extracted from each sample, detection of 10 putative periodontopathic bacterial species was done by PCR, which identified Tannerella forsythensis, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Capnocytophaga sputigena in the sample from the affected region. Further, broad-range PCR targeting 16S rRNA with direct sequencing of the samples showed a variety of bacterial species, including Neisseria, Corynebacterium, and Fusobacterium. Streptococcus species occurred at a high rate in the plaque samples from the control teeth, whereas there were none in the affected region. Our findings indicate that the bacterial profile in the area of a radicular-gingival groove may be different from other periodontal healthy sites, which might be related to the occurrence of repeated inflammation in the groove area.