Erin E. Barton

Comparison of Overlap Methods for Quantitatively Synthesizing Single-Subject Data

Four overlap methods for quantitatively synthesizing single-subject data were compared to visual analysts’ judgments. The overlap methods were percentage of nonoverlapping data, pairwise data overlap squared, percentage of data exceeding the median, and percentage of data exceeding a median trend. Visual analysts made judgments about 160 A-B data sets selected randomly from the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis . The four overlap methods were compared for data sets in which all visual analysts agreed a change in data occurred or a change did not occur across conditions. Each overlap method had unacceptably high levels of errors. Given the findings and weaknesses of the overlap methods, their use should be abandoned. The desirable characteristics of a quantitative synthesis method are described.

Teaching Pretend Play to Children With Disabilities: A Review of the Literature

The purpose of this study was to analyze literature regarding interventions for promoting pretend play in children with disabilities. Sixteen studies were found using experimental designs to evaluate pretend play interventions with children with disabilities. The results were analyzed across the targeted pretense behaviors, participants, materials, settings, interventions, levels of prompting, and rigor of the studies. Interventions were moderately effective, although methodological limitations affected experimental rigor, the types of conclusions that could be drawn, and evidence for practice. Implications for future research emerged and are described.

Parent-Implemented Interventions for Young Children With Disabilities: A Review of Fidelity Features

The purpose of this review was to analyze fidelity features in parent-implemented interventions for young children with disabilities. The authors conducted a review of 24 studies published in nine peer-reviewed journals. Each identified article was scored on the following categories: the participant characteristics, settings, study design, independent variables, measurement of implementation and intervention fidelity, parent training components, dependent variables, social validity, overall outcomes, and study rigor. The results indicated that, although all studies described parent training components, few reported implementation fidelity. Across the studies trainers were most likely to use performance-based feedback and modeling to support parent implementation of the intervention. Although 20 studies used single-case design methodologies, only 2 studies met contemporary single-case research design standards. The authors provide an analysis of implications for future research related to supporting high-fidelity implementation of parent-implemented interventions.

Children's Play: Where We Have Been and Where We Could Go.

The purpose of this article is to raise the profile of play so that it is an important domain of concern for serving children with delays and disabilities, just as are the other five domains specified in federal law. A rationale for the integration of the behavioral perspective and the constructivist perspective is presented to contribute clarity to what play is and how it is used. Definitions are offered of what play is, how play is learned, and what individuals in the field have learned about play within each perspective. Critical future directions for research are discussed.

A systematic review of sensory-based treatments for children with disabilities

Sensory-based therapies are designed to address sensory processing difficulties by helping to organize and control the regulation of environmental sensory inputs. These treatments are increasingly popular, particularly with children with behavioral and developmental disabilities. However, empirical support for sensory-based treatments is limited. The purpose of this review was to conduct a comprehensive and methodologically sound evaluation of the efficacy of sensory-based treatments for children with disabilities. Methods for this review were registered with PROSPERO (CRD42012003243). Thirty studies involving 856 participants met our inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Considerable heterogeneity was noted across studies in implementation, measurement, and study rigor. The research on sensory-based treatments is limited due to insubstantial treatment outcomes, weak experimental designs, or high risk of bias. Although many people use and advocate for the use of sensory-based treatments and there is a substantial empirical literature on sensory-based treatments for children with disabilities, insufficient evidence exists to support their use.

Providing Interventions for Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: What We Still Need to Accomplish

Over the past 25 years, we have learned a great deal about the diagnosis, treatment, and impact of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) on young children and their families. The authors describe several overarching themes that have emerged in the educational research on young children with ASD. The focus of their article is on education-based research because public education remains the one comprehensive service to which all children with ASD are entitled to free of charge. Four themes (i.e., inclusion, systematic and effective instruction, intensity, and social context) are described in terms of the major findings and impact on policy and practices. The authors conclude with a summary of implications for future research for the next 25 years.

Providing Optimal Opportunities: Structuring Practicum Experiences in Early Intervention and Early Childhood Special Education Preservice Programs.

An approach to designing field-based practicum opportunities for preservice students is described. First, the importance of quality field experiences is presented, together with a conceptual framework. Second, foundational and philosophical perspectives in early childhood and early intervention (EI) and early childhood special education (ECSE) that create a “linked system” are described. Third, a continuum of potential practicum activities is presented, followed by illustrations from an EI and ECSE preservice masters degree program.

Lessons Learned about the Utility of Social Validity

In this paper, we examine the link between evidence-based practice and social validity by describing five examples from our own research where social validity measures resulted in data that were essential to both a clinical and research agenda on evidence-based practice. Social validity data are reviewed in the context of behavioral skill training for family members of children with autism, the implementation of a manualized approach for treating severe problem behaviors, an intervention to increase play behaviors in young children with special needs, a home coaching intervention designed to reduce child challenging behaviors, and a large scale longitudinal study of early school failure. The examples illustrate the essential function of social validation and highlight implications for research and the future development of evidence-based practice.

Individualizing interventions for young children with autism in preschool.

Increasing numbers of children with autism receive education services in settings with their typically developing peers. In response to this shift in the location of services, there is a growing body of research identifying evidence-based practices for young children with autism in inclusive early childhood classrooms. The purpose of this paper is to organize and translate this research for application by early childhood practitioners in inclusive settings.

Applying an Evidence-Based Framework to the Early Childhood Coaching Literature.

Professional development (PD) is a critical pathway for promoting the use of evidence-based intervention practices in early childhood (EC) settings. Coaching has been proposed as a type of PD that is especially promising for job-embedded learning. A lack of consensus exists regarding evidence-based EC coaching strategies and what types of support coaches need to implement these strategies. In this literature review, we analyzed the EC coaching literature in terms of coaching strategies shown to improve EC practitioners’ use of effective intervention practices, coaching model components and strategies, the rigor and quality of the research, and the preparation provided to coaches in the identified articles. We conclude with recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of coaching and improving the preparation of coaches who serve in EC settings.