Erkut Konter

Leadership power perceptions of soccer coaches and soccer players according to their education

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the leadership power perceptions of soccer coaches and soccer players according to their educational levels. Data were collected from 165 male soccer coaches and 870 male soccer players. Adapted versions of the “Power in Soccer Questionnaire-Other”, the “Power in Soccer Questionnaire-Self” and an “information form” were used for data collection, and collected data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney Tests. Analysis of the Power in Soccer Questionnaire-Other revealed significant differences between soccer players’ level of education and their perception of Coercive Power (p<.003), and no significant differences related to Referent Power, Legitimate Power and Expert Power. Analysis of the Power in Soccer Questionnaire-Self also revealed the only significant difference between coaches’ level of education and their perception of Legitimate Power (p<.001), and no significant differences with regard to others. Different perception of leadership powers between coaches and players might create communication and performance problems in soccer.

Towards Adaptation of Self and Other Versions of the Revised Power in Soccer Questionnaire for Turkey

Abstract The purpose of this study was to adapt the self and other versions of the Power in Sport Questionnaire for Turkey. Five sources of interpersonal power have been identified in the literature (reward, coercive, referent, legitimate and expert powers). These interpersonal powers were later adapted to sport settings and sound validity and reliability results have been shown in North America. Participants were 165 male soccer head coaches and 870 male soccer players (697 amateur and 173 professionals) in this study. Confirmatory and Exploratory factor analyses with the data collected in Turkey supported the four-factor model for coaches and players with the elimination of some items (items 1, 6, 7, 9 and 11). To some extent, cultural convergence and divergences appear to exist between both multicultural countries (USA and Turkey) related to perception of leadership power. Additional new items and models may be needed for soccer in Turkey.