Eunice Aparecida Bianchi Galati

Estudo de flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) em foco de leishmaniose visceral no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

INTRODUCAO: Nas Americas, Lutzomyia longipalpis tem sido incriminada como vetora da leishmaniose visceral em, praticamente, todas as areas de ocorrencia dessa parasitose. A notificacao de casos humanos a partir de 1980 e a presenca de caes com aspecto sugestivo de leishmaniose visceral no Municipio de Corumba, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, levaram a investigacoes entomologicas na area, com o objetivo de identificar a populacao de flebotomineo vetora. MATERIAL E METODO: A pesquisa foi realizada no peri e intradomicilio de tres residencias urbanas e em ecotopo natural, representado por uma gruta, situado fora do perimetro urbano. As capturas, semanais em sua maioria, foram realizadas com armadilhas automaticas luminosas, no periodo de 1984 a 1986. Os dados metereologicos desse periodo foram obtidos junto a Estacao Metereologica da cidade e os de 1925 a 1982, de bibliografia. RESULTADOS: A fauna flebotominea urbana, composta de oito especies, mostrou-se semelhante a da gruta, porem nesta, a abundância das especies foi maior. Na area urbana, Lu. cruzi predominou tanto no intra como no peridomicilio: no bairro central, representou 90,3% dos especimens e nos dois bairros perifericos, os seus percentuais foram menores. Lu. forattinii, tambem, teve frequencia expressiva em um dos bairros perifericos (39,0 %). Na gruta, Lu. corumbaensis foi a especie predominante. Comenta-se o impacto das condicoes climaticas e do inseticida aplicado na area urbana na frequencia das especies, e da utilizacao da gruta como criadouro pelos flebotomineos, com base na evolucao da razao entre os sexos ao longo do periodo. Foram adicionadas informacoes sobre antropofilia e de coleta com isca canina de Lu. forattinii. CONCLUSAO: O predominio de Lu. cruzi na area urbana; a expressiva frequencia de Lu. forattinii na periferia da cidade, bem como a sua antropofilia e o estreito grau de parentesco destas especies com Lu. longipalpis, a principal vetora da leishmaniose visceral em outras areas da America, sao aspectos que sugerem a participacao de ambas na transmissao da doenca, em Corumba.

Estudo dos flebotomíneos (Diptera, Pychodidae), em área de leishmaniose tegumentar, no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

Studies of the phlebotomine sandflies on the Boa Sorte farm, Corguinho county, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Central-West region of Brazil, were carried out, with the object of identifying local fauna and a cutaneous leishmaniasis vector. At the beginning of the studies, several types of primitive vegetation covering: gallery forest, forest slopes and the cerrados: s. str. and tropical xeromorphic semideciduous broadleaf forest, locally denominated “croa”, existed. Four months after the beginning of the studies, a fire destroyed a significant part of the cerrados. Captures were made during the interval from July/91 to June/93, with a CDC trap, weekly, at 10 ecotopes: in the soil of forest slopes; in the soil and canopy of cerrado s. str., “croa” and gallery forest; in the peridomicile, in hen house and pigpen and in a storage shed. A Shannons trap was used, monthly, from 18:00-24:00 hours, in the gallery forest and “croa”. Human bait was used, monthly, for 24 hours, from June/91 to September/92. An investigation into natural infection in female phlebotomines was made through the dissection of specimens captured in the Shannons trap and on human bait. The captures with CDC totalled in 2,281 specimens of 26 species: 2 of Brumptomyia and 24 of Lutzomyia. The “croa” was the environment that contributed with the greatest number of specimens and presented the largest diversity, together with the forest slope. L. withmani was the most abundant species captured with CDC, in all the ecotopes (Standardized abundance index = 0.991). However, in the storage shed its frequence was the lowest. This species presented a prevalence of 96.0% in the Shannons trap and on human bait (3,265 and 516 specimens, respectively). It was the most frequent in the cold and dry periods. It presented almost exclusively nocturnal activity, with its peak at 18:00-19:00 hours and an infection rate by flagellates of 0.16% (613 females dissected). On the basis of its behavior, this species was incriminated as the probable vector of the cutaneous leishmaniasis in the area, which had extradomicilary transmission. L. lenti, the second most abundant species, is not anthropophilic. The phlebotomine fauna is presented by environment. Leishmaniosis mucocutaneous, transmission. Psychodidae, classification. Vectores ecology.

Abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) and urban transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

The outspread and urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, lead us to undertake the present study over diversity and abundance of sand flies in the urban area to compare with previous search carried out during 1999/2000, before the identification of the disease in the human population. The captures were carried out with automatic light traps, weekly, from February 2004 to February 2005 on three sites including a forested area (Zé Pereira), two peridomicilies (shelters of domestic animals and cultivation areas), and intradomicilie. In the present study 110 collections were obtained during 13 months for 1320 h of collections, resulting in 5004 specimens, 3649 males and 1355 females belonging to the 20 following species: Brumptomyia avellari, Brumptomyia sp., Bichromomyia flaviscutellata, Evandromyia lenti, E. termitophila, E. cortelezzii, E. borrouli, Lutzomyia sp., L. longipalpis, Micropygomyia quinquefer, N. antunesi, N. whitmani, Pintomyia christenseni, Pi. damascenoi, Psathyromyia aragaoi, Ps. campograndensis, Ps. hermanlenti, Ps. shannoni, Pychodopygus claustrei, and Sciopemyia sordellii. L. longipalpis was the most abundant species in the anthropic environment with 92.22% of the captures. This shows an increase of sixty times in the density of L. longipalpis compared to the last sand fly evaluation in 1999/2000. The high density of L. longipalpis in Campo Grande is the main factor of risk in transmission of the disease to human in the urban area. The capture of N. antunesi, typical specie from Amazonian region, in Mato Grosso do Sul is reported for the first time.

Observações sobre a transmissão de leishmaniose tegumentar no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Em dois focos de leishmaniose tegumentar do Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil foram levadas a efeito observacoes destinadas a verificar o comportamento da fauna flebotominica local. Os resultados evidenciaram a dominância de Psychodopygus intermedius e sua frequencia ao ambiente humano, representado pelo domicilio e peridomicilio. Tais aspectos, aliados aos fatos ja conhecidos, permitem apontar essa especie como transmissora e preconizar a aplicacao domiciliar de inseticidas de poder residual como metodo profilatico.

Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) and Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto, 1926) (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) geographical distribution and epidemiological importance

Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva 1912) and N. neivai (Pinto 1926) are possible vectors of tegumentary leishmaniasis in some regions of Brazil. Further, the latter was until recently, considered a junior synonym of the former. This study has the purpose of updating our knowledge of the geographical distribution of these species, based on specimens deposited at the collection of the Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Faculdade de Saúde Pública-Universidade de São Paulo, and on data presented by literature as also to associate this distribution with the cutaneous leishmaniasis cases reported. It has been reported that N. intermedia occurs in the states of the Northeastern Region, in Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, on the northern coast of São Paulo, in eastern Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Goiás, close to the border with Minas Gerais and Bahia. N. neivai occurs in the Southern Region, southern coast and in western São Paulo, southern and western Minas Gerais, southern Goiás, and southern Pará, beyond Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay. It is important to highlight that N. intermedia and N. neivai occur in sympatry in Minas Gerais and São Paulo. N. intermedia or N. neivai are predominant or are captured abundantly in several cutaneous leishmaniasis foci in the Southeastern and Southern regions of Brazil.

Observações sobre atividade de mosquitos Culicidae, em mata residual no Vale do Ribeira, S. Paulo, Brasil

Relatam-se observacoes sobre o ciclo diario de atividade, por parte de mosquitos Culicidae de mata residual, em area de ambiente intensamente modificado por exploracao agropecuaria, no Vale do Ribeira, Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Foram levadas a efeito, com ritmo bimensal, capturas ininterruptas de vinte e cinco horas com isca humana, alem de coletas simultâneas com ardilhas tipo Shannon em ambiente intra e extra florestal. Os resultados evidenciaram o carater diurno e noturno das especies mais frequentes, com destaque para o Ae. scapularis e Ae. serratus que, embora com atividade classificada como diurna, mantem atuacao apreciavel tambem durante a noite. Em relacao ao primeiro acrescenta-se a ocorrencia de nitido pico endocrepuscular vespertino, e a manutencao de sua presenca no meio extraflorestal. De maneira geral, essas duas especies mostram-se presentes todos os meses do ano, com dominância de Ae. scapularis sobre Ae. serratus somente no mes de junho, ocasiao porem em que aquele sobrepuja a este de maneira consideravel. Tais feicoes caracterizam quadro que permite atribuir aquele mosquito maiores oportunidades de contato com a populacao humana e, por conseguinte, papel importante na veiculacao de arboviroses, em especial modo, de encefalites.Relatam-se observacoes sobre o ciclo diario de atividade, por parte de mosquitos Culicidae de mata residual, em area de ambiente intensamente modificado por exploracao agropecuaria, no Vale do Ribeira, Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Foram levadas a efeito, com ritmo bimensal, capturas ininterruptas de vinte e cinco horas com isca humana, alem de coletas simultâneas com ardilhas tipo Shannon em ambiente intra e extra florestal. Os resultados evidenciaram o carater diurno e noturno das especies mais frequentes, com destaque para o Ae. scapularis e Ae. serratus que, embora com atividade classificada como diurna, mantem atuacao apreciavel tambem durante a noite. Em relacao ao primeiro acrescenta-se a ocorrencia de nitido pico endocrepuscular vespertino, e a manutencao de sua presenca no meio extraflorestal. De maneira geral, essas duas especies mostram-se presentes todos os meses do ano, com dominância de Ae. scapularis sobre Ae. serratus somente no mes de junho, ocasiao porem em que aquele sobrepuja a este de maneira consideravel. Tais feicoes caracterizam quadro que permite atribuir aquele mosquito maiores oportunidades de contato com a populacao humana e, por conseguinte, papel importante na veiculacao de arboviroses, em especial modo, de encefalites.

Phlebotomines (Diptera: Psychodidae) in forested areas of the Serra da Bodoquena, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Investigation was undertaken on the behaviour of the phlebotomine fauna in caves, forests, and anthropic environments of the Serra da Bodoquena, between January 1998 and January 2000. This paper reports on the phlebotomines captured in forested areas with automatic light traps (ALT), Shannon traps (ST), aspiration (AN), at natural resting sites and by human attractiveness (HA) during 24 h. The diversity and abundance of the species were investigated with ALT installed at 16 points (ground level) and 6 in the canopy. Natural infection by flagellates was investigated in females captured with ST AN, and HA. The sandfly fauna was represented by 23 species. Twenty-two of these were captured with ALT 15 of them on the western side, and 20 on the eastern. Lutzomyia longipalpis and Nyssomyia whitmani were the most abundant on the former and this species together with Lutzomyia almerioi on the latter side. On the eastern side the ecotopes located close to caves rendered a significantly greater number (P < or = 0.01) of specimens than did more distant sites. On this side Lu. almerioi contributed with 56% of the total number of specimens. Lu. almerioi females were predominantly attracted by humans (96.4%) and by ST (93.2%) and three of the 2173 dissected (0.138%) presented natural infection by flagellates. The attraction of Lu. almerioi to humans occurred during all seasons, predominantly in the summer, and in nocturnal and diurnal periods. Thus it is bothersome to inhabitants of and visitors to the Bodoquena ridge and a potential vector of flagellates.

Aspectos ecológicos da Leishmaniose tegumentar americana: 7-Capacidade vetorial flebotomínea em ambiente florestal primário do Sistema da Serra do Mar, região do Vale do Ribeira, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Um total de 5.038 individuos foram coletados, na regiao do Vale do Ribeira, Estado de Sao Paulo (Brasil), durante tres anos consecutivos de captura de flebotomineo, distribuido em dezenove especies. As armadilhas CDC instaladas na floresta contribuiram com 92,2% e a isca humana com apenas 7,0%, enquanto que no peridomicilio a CDC rendeu 0,7%. De um modo geral, as densidades obtidas com o calculo da media geometrica de Williams foram reduzidas e a especie mais comum na area foi P.ayrozai. O resultado de seu grau de antropofilia impede atribuir-lhe papel vetorial importante. Sendo tambem reduzida a presenca de L.intermedia, L. migonei e L. fischeri, ate na isca humana, admite-se que essas populacoes nao estariam preenchendo condicoes de transmissao da doenca para o homem, no ambiente florestal, ao lado de outras com habito fundamentalmente zoofilo. O quadro mostrado poderia indicar que a funcao vetorial flebotominea na regiao estaria sendo desenvolvida por populacao sobrevivente a devastacao, sugerindo que um novo padrao epidemiologico da doenca no Brasil parece existir e em associacao com focos de L.b. braziliensis.Um total de 5.038 individuos foram coletados, na regiao do Vale do Ribeira, Estado de Sao Paulo (Brasil), durante tres anos consecutivos de captura de flebotomineo, distribuido em dezenove especies. As armadilhas CDC instaladas na floresta contribuiram com 92,2% e a isca humana com apenas 7,0%, enquanto que no peridomicilio a CDC rendeu 0,7%. De um modo geral, as densidades obtidas com o calculo da media geometrica de Williams foram reduzidas e a especie mais comum na area foi P.ayrozai. O resultado de seu grau de antropofilia impede atribuir-lhe papel vetorial importante. Sendo tambem reduzida a presenca de L.intermedia, L. migonei e L. fischeri, ate na isca humana, admite-se que essas populacoes nao estariam preenchendo condicoes de transmissao da doenca para o homem, no ambiente florestal, ao lado de outras com habito fundamentalmente zoofilo. O quadro mostrado poderia indicar que a funcao vetorial flebotominea na regiao estaria sendo desenvolvida por populacao sobrevivente a devastacao, sugerindo que um novo padrao epidemiologico da doenca no Brasil parece existir e em associacao com focos de L.b. braziliensis.A total of 5,038 specimens, belonging to nineteen species, were obtained during the three consecutive years of phlebotomine catches in forest and peridomiciliary environments of the Itapoan farm. Proportionally, the CDC light trap contributed with 92.2% in the forest and 0.7% in the peridomicile sites while the human bait corresponded to 7.0% in the forest. Generally speaking the outcome of the technique utilized was rather low or presented reduced geometrical averages. The most common species in the area was P. ayrozai, almost always predominant; however, the results with human bait prevent ones ascribing a high degree of anthropophilic properties to it. The implication of the reduced presence of L. intermedia, L. migonei and L. fischeri, even with human bait, is that the conditions for the transmission of the disease to man in the forest environment are inexistent. Consequently, this could indicate that the vectorial function would be performed by a population which has survived the period of devastation. For this reason a new epidemiological pattern, connected with a focus, of L.b. braziliensis seems to exist in Brazil.

Leishmaniose tegumentar americana: flebotomíneos de área de transmissão no município de Teodoro Sampaio, região sudoeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Sandflies were captured in a secondary forest zone in the county of Teodoro Sampaio, Sao Paulo, during 12 months as from May 1994. Two houses located respectively at 240m and 850m from the semi-deciduous forest were selected. Night Center of Disease Control trap captures were performed fortnightly from twilight to dawn intradomiciliarly, in the edge and the interior of the forest and in the peridomicile of each one of the houses. Captures were realized as well in the peridomicile using Shannon traps during 6 hour for 24 captures and 4 quarter captures from twilight to dawn. The dominant specie was Lutzomyia intermedia (93.5%). A larger number of insects were captured in the traps located in the edge of the forest. In the peridomicile of both houses an equivalent number of insects were captured, although a clear predominance of males was observed in the more distant located house. In the interior of the house located near the forest a larger number of specimens predominantly female were captured. L. intermedia and L. whitmani peaks ocurred in the first hour and were characteristically more abundant in May, September and December when the mean temperature varied from 21 to 25.7OC and the pluviometric index as from 66.7 to 195.1mm.Sandflies were captured in a secondary forest zone in the county of Teodoro Sampaio, São Paulo, during 12 months as from May 1994. Two houses located respectively at 240 m and 850 m from the semi-deciduous forest were selected. Night Center of Disease Control trap captures were performed fortnightly from twilight to dawn intradomiciliarily, in the edge and the interior of the forest and in the peridomicile of each one of the houses. Captures were realized as well in the peridomicile using Shannon traps during 6 hour for 24 captures and 4 quarter captures from twilight to dawn. The dominant species was Lutzomyia intermedia (93.5%). A larger number of insects were captured in the traps located in the edge of the forest. In the peridomicile of both houses an equivalent number of insects were captured, although a clear predominance of males was observed in the more distant located house. In the interior of the house located near the forest a larger number of specimens predominantly female were captured. L. intermedia and L. whitmani peaks occurred in the first hour and were characteristically more abundant in May, September and December when the mean temperature varied from 21 to 25.7 degrees C and the pluviometric index as from 66.7 to 195.1 mm.

Redescription of Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) and Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto, 1926) (Diptera: Psychodidae)

The phlebotomine sand flies Nyssomyia intermedia and Nyssomyia neivai are the probable vectors of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in the Southern and Southeastern regions of Brazil. These species form a complex, being difficult to separate between either females or males of the two members based on recognized morphological characteristics. Both N. intermedia and N. neivai are redescribed here in the search for characters that facilitate their correct identification. It was possible to differentiate females by means of spermathecal characteristics. Males could be separated with confidence by the tips of the genital filaments, which have the form of a deep spoon, the angle of the concavity being well accentuated in N. intermedia and much shallower in N. neivai.