Evangelos Karfopoulos

Distributed Coordination of Electric Vehicles Providing V2G Services

The aim of this paper is to propose a distributed electric vehicle (EV) coordination management which exploits the potentials of the bidirectional power flow between the grid and the EV. In the literature, the proposed distributed price-based EV coordination mechanisms aiming to achieve a valley-filling concept consider electric vehicles as mere manageable loads, which are served during valley hours given the EV energy requirements and mobility pattern. In this paper, a distributed EV coordination mechanism is proposed that utilizes 1) the flexibility of EV demand in order to efficiently allocate it during the valley period and hours with high distributed renewable energy production and 2) the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) EV capability in order to minimize the network load variance. The aim of the proposed EV coordination mechanism is to: 1) exploit the synergies between the renewable distributed energy resources (DER) and EV charging needs in order to increase the EV/RES penetration level of the grid without the need for further network investments and 2) exploit the bidirectional EV battery operation for more efficient network operation in terms of voltage profile and network losses. The proposed EV coordination mechanism is assessed through simulations of a realistic rural MV distribution network.

Virtual Power Plant Control concepts with Electric Vehicles

Three approaches for grid integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) through a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) concept are introduced. A classification of these different ways for realizing a VPP based on the control structure, resource type, and the aggregation approach is discussed. This is followed by a description of the three VPP approaches, which are referred to as direct, hierarchical, and distributed control approaches. For each of the three approaches, the necessary operational steps are discussed and the differences are highlighted. Finally, a case study is presented to demonstrate EV integration through a VPP concept.

Distributed Coordination of Electric Vehicles providing V2G Regulation Services

The aim of this paper is to propose a distributed electric vehicle (EV) coordination mechanism, which enables the management of the charging/discharging operation of an EV fleet, offering V2G regulation services to support system operation based on a day-ahead scheduling profile generated by an EV aggregator. Initially, a decentralized iterative algorithm is introduced to manage EV charging/discharging schedule aiming to meet the daily mobility energy requirement of an EV fleet with respect to the day-ahead schedule of the EV aggregator. Then, a droop-based control and a novel distributed regulation dispatch algorithm are developed aiming to meet the regulation dispatch signals send to the EV aggregator by the system.

Introducing electric vehicles in the microgrids concept

Electric Vehicles are anticipated to have a considerable percentage of the vehicle market sales in the forthcoming years. The additional energy requirements for charging their batteries may affect the network operation, in terms of stability and reliability, especially when these are synchronized with the system peak demand. This issue will present power system operators with the challenge to efficiently integrate Electric Vehicles into power systems by exploiting their ability to behave as manageable loads. The Multi-Agent System technology has been proven a promising way to manage distributed energy resources in electrical networks. A multi-agent system approach to manage the charging of the Electric Vehicle batteries is described. The types of agents required to satisfy the technical operation and the market participation of Microgrids with Electric Vehicles are provided.

INTEGRAL: ICT-Platform Based Distributed Control in Electricity Grids with a Large Share of Distributed Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Sources

The European project INTEGRAL aims to build and demonstrate an industry-quality reference solution for DER aggregation-level control and coordination, based on commonly available ICT components, standards, and platforms. To achieve this, the Integrated ICT-platform based Distributed Control (IIDC) is introduced. The project includes also three field test site installations in the Netherlands, Spain and France, covering normal, critical and emergency grid conditions.

Adapting EV-microgrid concepts to european grid standards related to power quality

This paper deals with the adaption of Microgrid and Electric Vehicle concepts to European grid standards related to power quality. It presents a review of European norms on power quality issues including converters and EVs. Power quality issues and relevant standards dealing with the operation of EVs are discussed for interconnected and islanded (microgrid) mode of operation. Moreover, a review of connection criteria of Distributed Generation units and power quality requirements in various European countries is listed. Finally, recommendations on the adaption of microgrid-EV concepts to European power quality standards are given.

Review of IEC/EN Standards for Data Exchange between Smart Meters and Devices

With energy monitoring and control playing an increasingly important role in home energy management, Smart Meters are the key technology for the smart house deployment. Smart Meters collect data from devices to databases for analysis and billing purposes, do data logging, power quality and real time monitoring, offering the knowledge of energy consumption in order to control the flow of energy inside a house. However, the lack of common standard architectures for telecommunications to ensure interoperability between equipment and systems from different manufacturers makes a common Smart Meter adaptation more difficult. Working toward a common standard this paper presents the IEC/EN standards for data exchange between Smart Meters and devices.

An Integrated Approach for Dynamic Charging of Electric Vehicles by Wireless Power Transfer - Lessons Learned from Real-Life Implementation

This work was supported by the European Commission within the 7th Framework Programme, Project FastInCharge under the Grant Agreement: 314284

High Level Requirements for Smart Meters that Will Enable the Efficient Deployment of Electric Vehicles

In case the electrification of transportation, i.e. electric vehicles (EV), occurs in an uncontrollable way, electric grids may come up with various potential problems, in terms of overloaded lines, increased losses, voltage quality issues, generation adequacy etc. There is a need for a middleware between EV and grid, on the top of which the different involved parties (DNO, ESCOs and aggregators) will be able to implement their EV control and management concept. Smart meters are the key technology that will enable the efficient adaptation of EV in the electric grids. However, the lack of common requirements on functionality and open interfaces fractionalize their massive implementation and increase their cost. This paper presents the high level requirements for future smart meters that will enable the efficient EV deployment.