Eve M. Brank

A Specialized Domestic Violence Court in South Carolina An Example of Procedural Justice for Victims and Defendants

The current research details interviews with 50 victims and 50 defendants who participated in a specialized criminal domestic violence court in Lexington County, South Carolina. These victims and defendants indicated satisfaction with their court experiences, thought the process allowed them to voice their views, felt they were treated with respect, and were generally satisfied with the outcome of their cases. Court observations and interviews with court personnel confirmed that this court has successfully incorporated victims and defendants into the decision-making process while also providing a fair system to address the issue of violence against women.

Problem solving courts: Social science and legal perspectives

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All in the Family: A Retrospective Study Comparing Sibling Bullying and Peer Bullying

Extensive bullying research has primarily focused on activities between peers in school settings, but some evidence suggests bullying may occur in other situations. If so, other contexts could potentially benefit from the wealth of peer bullying research. A sample of 392 young adults answered questions about their experiences with sibling and peer bullying behaviors. Participants also provided responses concerning a sibling or peer vignette that focused on reporting bullying behaviors. Results indicated that participants view bullying behaviors between peers and siblings as somewhat similar, but sibling bullying behaviors compared to peer bullying behaviors are reported to be perpetrated and experienced more often. When considering a hypothetical situation such sibling bullying behaviors, however, are less likely to be reported outside the family than peer bullying behaviors. Additionally, females are more likely than males to report outside the family. Participants who had more prior involvement in bullying are less likely to say they would report the described sibling bullying behaviors. Considering sibling bullying may not be thought of as bullying and may not be reported outside the family, implications for policy and future research are discussed.

An Experimental Juvenile Probation Program Effects on Parent and Peer Relationships

In an effort to provide a wider range of services to youth and their families than is traditionally available in routine probation, the South Oxnard Challenge Project (SOCP) employed a team approach to service delivery of an intensive probation program. The researchers interviewed juveniles who were randomly assigned to either the SOCP experimental condition or the control condition of a routine probation program. The intensive probation program, among other goals, focused on improving parent–child relationships and teaching youth how to choose better peers. At 1 year post random assignment, experimental and control youth were not significantly different on key family or peer relationship measures. Level of program intensity, implementation issues, and other problems inherent in doing this type of research are provided as possible explanations for the lack of differences. These null findings are examined in light of the recent movement toward parental involvement legislation.

Misinformation Effect in Older versus Younger Adults: A Meta-Analysis and Review

This chapter reports the results of a meta-analysis which revealed that older adults are more susceptible to memory distortion following misleading information compared with young adults. The older the older adults were, the larger the effect (compared with young adults). We recommended some interview techniques that could reduce memory distortion in older adults, such as the Cognitive Interview, source-monitoring questions, encouraging effortful thinking.Part 1: Memory for People. The Reliability of Eyewitness Identifications by the Elderly: An Evidence-based Review, S.L. Sporer, N. Martschuk. Misinformation Effect in Older versus Younger Adults: A Meta-analysis and Review, L.E. Wylie, L. Patihis, L.L. McCuller, D.Davis, E.M. Brank, E. F. Loftus, B. Bornstein. True and False Recognition of Faces by Older Persons, J. Barltett. Eyewitness Identifications: The Interaction Between Witness Age and Estimator Variables, J. Beaudry, C. Bullard. Improving the Performance of Older Witnesses on Identification Procedures, R. Wilcock, R. Bull. Part 2: Memory for Events. Aging and False Memory: Fuzzy-trace Theory and the Elderly Eyewitness, C.F.A Gomes, B.R. Cohen, A. Desai, C.J. Brainerd, V.F. Reyna. Eyewitness Memory and Metamemory in Older Adults, J. Price, M. Mueller, S.Wetmore, J. Neuschatz. Associative Memory Deficits: Implications for the Elderly Eyewitness, D.J. LaVoie, K. Fogler. Accuracy of Eyewitness Memory for Events in Young and Older Adults, A. Aizpurura, M. Migueles, E. Garcia-Bajos. Memory Trust and Distrust in Elderly Eyewitnesses: To what Extent do Older Adults Doubt their Memories?, L. Henkel. Interviewing the Elderly Eyewitness, T.A. Marche, J.L. Briere, T. L. Cordwell, R. E. Holliday. Part 3: Special Topics in Elderly Eyewitness Memory. A Credible Crime Report? Communication and Perceived Credibility of Elderly Eyewitnesses, M. Allison, C.A.E. Brimacombe. Uniting Theory to Empirical Evidence: How to Understand Memory of the Elderly Witness, A.K. Thomas, L. Gordon, J.B. Bulevich. The Older Witness in Court-An International Perspective, G.Davies, N. Robertson. Testimony by the Elderly in the Eyes of the Jury: The Impact of Juror Characteristics, A.E. Pittman, M.P. Toglia, C.T. Leone, K. Mueller-Johnson.

Differing Perspectives on Older Adult Caregiving

Informal older adult caregiving allows older adults to stay in their homes or live with loved ones, but decisions surrounding older adult care are fraught with complexities. Related research and case law suggest that an older adult’s need for and refusal of help are important considerations; the current study is the first to examine these factors experimentally. Two samples (potential caregivers and care recipients) provided responses regarding anticipated emotions, caregiver abilities, and allocation of daily caregiving decision making based on a vignette portraying an older adult who had a high or low level of autonomy and who accepted or refused help. Study findings suggest differing views about caregiving; potential caregivers may not be as well prepared to take on caregiving as the potential care recipients anticipate and potential caregivers may allocate more decisional responsibility to older adults than the care recipients expect. Implications for older adult abuse are discussed.

Assessing School and Student Predictors of Weapons Reporting

School violence and weapons at school are a major concern for community members, school administrators, and policy makers. This research examines both student-level and school-level variables that predict middle school students’ willingness to report a weapon at school under several reporting conditions. Results substantiate previous analyses of these data that student-level variables explain students’ willingness to report a weapon but extend these findings to include school climate variables that affect willingness to report (i.e., collective identity and conflict). School climate variables were also shown to influence reporting under conditions where there would be consequences for the weapons-carrying student or for the reporting student; however, school climate was not found to influence anonymous reporting conditions. Although policies aimed at improving school climate may increase a student’s willingness to report and are important in their own right, improving a school’s climate may be a daunting task. This research, therefore, suggests that the most efficient way to encourage weapons reporting is to provide students with an anonymous way to report.

Juveniles' knowledge of the court process: results from instruction from an electronic source†‡

Our study first determined what juveniles know about the juvenile court process. Second, it evaluated a DVD designed to be a systematic and simple way to improve this knowledge. A pre- and posttest design was used with two pilot samples and two samples from the population of interest. A sample from a juvenile detention center (n = 118) was the focus of this study. Initial knowledge of the court process was quite low for the detention sample (pretest M = 64.0%, SD = 14.2%). All samples experienced a significant improvement of knowledge after watching the DVD. Youth in the detention sample had a mean improvement from pretest to posttest of 6.4% (SD = 11.9%), with mean scores at posttest being 70.3% (SD = 17.4%). Respondents varied in their performance on different question topics, scoring the lowest on questions related to what happens at juvenile court hearings. The social and demographic variables of age, race, gender, grades in school, number of previous arrests, and the number of times the respondent had been to court were evaluated through regression analysis. Age and race were found to be significantly related to pretest scores, and race was significantly related to improvement scores.

Four decades of the journal Law and Human Behavior: a content analysis

Although still relatively young, the journal Law and Human Behavior (LHB) has amassed a publication history of more than 1300 full-length articles over four decades. Yet, no systematic analysis of the journal has been done until now. The current research coded all full-length articles to examine trends over time, predictors of the number of Google Scholar citations, and predictors of whether an article was cited by a court case. The predictors of interest included article organization, research topics, areas of law, areas of psychology, first-author gender, first-author country of institutional affiliation, and samples employed. Results revealed a vast and varied field that has shown marked diversification over the years. First authors have consistently become more diversified in both gender and country of institutional affiliation. Overall, the most common research topics were jury/judicial decision-making and eyewitness/memory, the most common legal connections were to criminal law and mental health law, and the most common psychology connection was to social-cognitive psychology. Research in psychology and law has the potential to impact both academic researchers and the legal system. Articles published in LHB appear to accomplish both.

Age and lineup type differences in the own-race bias

The own-race bias (ORB) suggests that recognition for faces of ones own race is superior to recognition of other-race faces. A popular explanation for the ORB is amount of interracial contact, which may have cohort effects for older and younger adults. We compared White younger and older adults on the ORB utilizing a hybrid facial recognition and full diagnostic lineup (i.e., simultaneous and sequential target absent and target present lineups) paradigm. Both younger and older adults demonstrated an ORB. Signal detection estimates suggest younger adults compared to older adults have better discrimination accuracy for own-race over other-race faces. Interracial contact did not explain recognition for younger adults, but was related to a shift in response criterion for older adults.