Everaldo Zonta

Inputs of heavy metals due to agrochemical use in tobacco fields in Brazil's Southern Region.

Only a few studies have assessed the joint incorporation of heavy metals into agricultural systems based on the range of agrochemicals used on a specific agricultural crop. This study was conducted to assess the heavy metals input through application of the main agrochemicals used in Brazilian tobacco fields. A total of 56 samples of different batches of 5 fertilizers, 3 substrates, 8 insecticides, 3 fungicides, 2 herbicides, and 1 growth regulator commonly used in the cultivation of tobacco in Brazil’s Southern Region were collected from 3 warehouses located in the States of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Paraná. The total As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn content of the samples was then determined and compared with the regulations of different countries and information found in the available literature. The fertilizers were identified as the primary source of heavy metals among the agrochemicals used. Application of pesticides directly to the shoots of tobacco plants contributed very little to the supply of heavy metals. The agrochemicals used in Brazilian tobacco fields provide lower inputs of the main heavy metals that are nonessential for plants than those registered in the international literature for the majority of crop fields in different regions of the world.

Structure-Property-Function Relationship in Humic Substances to Explain the Biological Activity in Plants.

Knowledge of the structure-property-function relationship of humic substances (HSs) is key for understanding their role in soil. Despite progress, studies on this topic are still under discussion. We analyzed 37 humic fractions with respect to their isotopic composition, structural characteristics, and properties responsible for stimulating plant root parameters. We showed that regardless of the source of origin of the carbon (C3 or C4), soil-extracted HSs and humic acids (HAs) are structurally similar to each other. The more labile and functionalized HS fraction is responsible for root emission, whereas the more recalcitrant and less functionalized HA fraction is related to root growth. Labile structures promote root stimulation at lower concentrations, while recalcitrant structures require higher concentrations to promote a similar stimulus. These findings show that lability and recalcitrance, which are derived properties of humic fractions, are related to the type and intensity of their bioactivity. In summary, the comparison of humic fractions allowed a better understanding of the relationship between the source of origin of plant carbon and the structure, properties, and type and intensity of the bioactivity of HSs in plants. In this study, scientific concepts are unified and the basis for the agronomic use of HSs is established.

Effect of variations in the redox potential of Gleysol on barium mobility and absorption in rice plants.

Two assays were designed to obtain information about the influence of redox potential variations on barium mobility and bioavailability in soil. One assay was undertaken in leaching columns, and the other was conducted in pots cultivated with rice (Oryza sativa) using soil samples collected from the surface of Gleysol in both assays. Three doses of barium (100,300 mg kg(-1) and 3000 mg kg(-1)-soil dry weight) and two redox potential values (oxidizing and reducing) were evaluated. During the incubation period, the redox potential (Eh) was monitored in columns and pots until values of -250 mV were reached. After the incubation period, geochemical partitioning was conducted on the barium using the European Communities Bureau of Reference (BCR) method. Rainfall of 200 mm d(-1) was simulated in the columns and in the planting of rice seedlings in the pots. The results of the geochemical partitioning demonstrated that the condition of reduction favors increased barium concentrations in the more labile chemical forms and decreased levels in the chemical forms related to oxides. The highest barium concentrations in leached extracts (3.36 mg L(-1)) were observed at the highest dose and condition of reduction at approximately five times above the drinking water standard. The high concentrations of barium in the soil did not affect plant dry matter production. The highest levels and accumulation of barium in roots, leaves, and grains of rice were found at the highest dose and condition of reduction. These results demonstrate that reduction leads to solubilization of barium sulfate, thereby favoring greater mobility and bioavailability of this element.

Alterações eletroquímicas em solos inundados

This paper aims to review some concepts on electrochemistry of wetland soils. The main electrochemical changes after inundation are a decrease in redox potential, an increase in pH in acid and a decrease in alkaline soils and increases in conductivity and ion exchange reactions. These modifications in the system might influence plant growth, by affecting the availability on toxicity of nutrients, regulating uptake in the rhizosfere.

Crescimento e produtividade do tomateiro em cultivo hidropônico NFT em função da concentração iônica da solução nutritiva

The tomato hydroponics cultivation is a technique that provides high productivity and a better control of several factors during the production cycle. However, this technique needs improvements such as adequate dosage of nutrients in the nutritive solution. An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse equipped with a nutrient film technique system (NFT). Three commercial cvs. of tomato, UC-82, Saladinha, and T-93, were grown with three Hoaglands solution concentrations, 50%; 75%; and 100%. In the last fruit harvest, 138 days after transference to the NFT system, the accumulation of shoot dry mass, the fruit fresh mass, the number of fruits per plant, the total fresh biomass per plant, the total content of soluble solids (oBrix) and the productivity, were evaluated. The genotypic characteristics of the cvs. affected strongly the productivity. Generally the ionic concentrations of the nutrition solution did not influence the productivity and the tomato plants mass accumulation. Thus, the usage of solutions with lowest ionic concentration is recommended for the cultivation of the UC-82, Saladinha and T-93 tomatoes, in NFT hydroponics system, in the climatic conditions of Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro State.

Compostos nitrogenados e açúcares solúveis em tecidos de alface orgânica, hidropônica e convencional

The distribution of some physiologic metabolites was evaluated in lettuce plants. Crest leaf lettuce plants were grown in the organic, hydroponic, and conventional system. Plants from each systems were split in eight parts (old, medium, and new leaf limbos, old, medium, and new main leaf veins, stem and root). Analyses of nitrate, amino-N, soluble sugars, and dry mass partition were accomplished throughout the parts. In general, considering the aerial part and roots, the contents resemble literature reports. However, when the analyses are accomplished in the different plant parts that compose the shoot, there are significant differences among parts in all analyzed metabolites. This allows a better choice of which part of the plant to analyze, depending on what one wants to observe. During physiologic studies of nitrogen metabolism, the separation of parts may be fundamental in the interpretation of the results. Nitrate, amino-N and free sugars showed great differences between shoot parts and stem. Stems appear to accumulate their maximum contents. The hydroponic lettuce showed nitrate contents greater than any other lettuces, reaching a maximum of 1,000 mg kg-1 of fresh mass in stems. Therefore, this amount is well below the maximum allowed by the European legislation for lettuce nitrate content. The results suggest that the lettuce stem works as the main accumulator of free nitrogen compounds, specially nitrate and amino-N, besides soluble sugars. Further studies are necessary to confirm if lettuce stems would have buffer function in case of large amounts of nitrogen uptake.

Volatilização de amônia oriunda de ureia pastilhada com micronutrientes em ambiente controlado

Novas tecnologias com o intuito de minimizar as perdas de N-NH3 por volatilizacao devem ser desenvolvidas para aumentar a eficiencia de uso do N-ureia. A incorporacao de boro e cobre na ureia pode reduzir esses efeitos por meio da inibicao da atividade da urease. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetacao, onde foram aplicados diferentes fertilizantes nitrogenados (ureia pastilhada com e sem boro e cobre, sulfato de amonio, ureia com inibidor da urease NBPT, ureia granulada e ureia revestida com boro e cobre) na superficie de um Planossolo Haplico contido em bandejas (0,1 m2 de area e 10 cm de profundidade), em dose equivalente a 200 kg ha-1 de N. Foram avaliadas as perdas de N-NH3 por volatilizacao durante 18 dias, com o auxilio de um coletor semiaberto. A adicao de cobre e boro no processo de pastilhamento da ureia reduziu as perdas de amonia por volatilizacao em ate 54 %, quando comparado com a ureia granulada comercial, comprovando ser eficiente contra as perdas de N-NH3 por volatilizacao.

Produção de cultivares de tomateiro em hidroponia e fertirrigação sob razões de nitrogênio e potássio

Production of tomato cultivars in hydroponics and fertigation with different ratios between nitrogen and potassium Protected tomato cultivation presents a high potassium demand for obtaining high fruit yield and quality, but the ratio between nitrogen and potassium supplies which provides such results has not been sufficiently evaluated. The fruit yield and quality of four tomato cultivars were evaluated in hydroponics and fertigation systems at two ratios between N and K provided to the plants. Two experiments were carried out simultaneously in greenhouse, in 4x2 factorial design with four replicates, comprising four genotypes (cultivars Cereja 261, San Marzano, Santa Clara and the hybrid Cereja Chipano) and two N:K ratios (1:1.5 and 1:2 in hydroponics, and 1:2 and 1:3 in fertigation). Average yield of marketable fruits was 2.5 and 1.8 kg/plant in the hydroponics and fertigation system, respectively, reaching 3.3 kg/plant for cv. Santa Clara in hydroponics. In hydroponics, the N:K ratios nor did affect fruit production nor the soluble solids concentration, but the marketable fruit yield increased 6.5% at the N:K ratio 1:2. The N:K ratio 1:2 in hydroponics increased the average mass and diameter of marketable fruits, reducing K concentration in fruits. In the fertigation system, the N:K ratio 1:3 stimulated the vegetative growth of tomato plants but did not affect the fruit quality and yield. The cultivars San Marzano and Santa Clara presented higher fruit yield in both experiments. Fruit yield and total soluble solids of San Marzano and Santa Clara were higher in the hydroponics system when compared to fertigation. The hydroponics system provided higher fruit yield than the fertigation system for San Marzano and Santa Clara and, in hydroponics, the N:K ratio 1:2 improved fruits with higher marketable quality.

OsAMT1.3 expression alters rice ammonium uptake kinetics and root morphology

Abstract High-affinity ammonium transporters (AMT1) are responsible for ammonium (NH4+) acquisition and/or perception in the micromolar range, and their expressions can be differentially regulated by nitrogen (N) availability. The present study characterised the functions of the rice (Oryza sativa) OsAMT1.3 transporter to understand its contribution to NH4+ acquisition and plant adaptation to environments with low N availability. Transgenic rice plants were obtained to study the activity of the OsAMT1.3 promoter (POsAMT1.3:GFP:GUS) and the overexpression of the OsAMT1.3 gene (UBIL:OsAMT1.3:3xHA) in plants. The OsAMT1.3 promoter activity was induced strongly in the absence of N and occurred primarily in the zones of lateral root emission and root tips. Anatomical sections of the segment of root tips and the middle third showed a differential pattern of OsAMT1.3 activity. Analysis of the OsAMT1.1–1.3 transporter expression profiles indicated that overexpression of OsAMT1.3 positively affected OsAMT1.2 expression. When subjected to a low N supply, plants overexpressing OsAMT1.3 showed lower KM and Cmin values. Additionally, these lines showed longer roots with a higher area, volume, and number of tips. The data suggested that OsAMT1.3 is involved in the ability of rice plants to adapt to low NH4+ supplies.

Vermicompost humic acids modulate the accumulation and metabolism of ROS in rice plants

This work aims to determine the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, gene expression, anti-oxidant enzyme activity, and derived effects on membrane lipid peroxidation and certain stress markers (proline and malondialdehyde-MDA) in the roots of unstressed and PEG-stressed rice plants associated with vermicompost humic acid (VCHA) application. The results show that the application of VCHA to the roots of unstressed rice plants caused a slight but significant increase in root ROS accumulation and the gene expression and activity of the major anti-oxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and peroxidase). This action did not have negative effects on root development, and an increase in both root growth and root proliferation occurred. However, the root proline and MDA concentrations and the root permeability results indicate the development of a type of mild stress associated with VCHA application. When VCHA was applied to PEG-stressed plants, a clear alleviation of the inhibition in root development linked to PEG-mediated osmotic stress was observed. This was associated with a reduction in root ROS production and anti-oxidant enzymatic activity caused by osmotic stress. This alleviation of stress caused by VCHA was also reflected as a reduction in the PEG-mediated concentration of MDA in the root as well as root permeability. In summary, the beneficial action of VCHA on the root development of unstressed or PEG-stressed rice plants clearly involves the modulation of ROS accumulation in roots.