F. Bammer

Atomic transient recorder

In Bohrs model of the hydrogen atom, the electron takes about 150 attoseconds (1 as = 10-18 s) to orbit around the proton, defining the characteristic timescale for dynamics in the electronic shell of atoms. Recording atomic transients in real time requires excitation and probing on this scale. The recent observation of single sub-femtosecond (1 fs = 10-15 s) extreme ultraviolet (XUV) light pulses has stimulated the extension of techniques of femtochemistry into the attosecond regime. Here we demonstrate the generation and measurement of single 250-attosecond XUV pulses. We use these pulses to excite atoms, which in turn emit electrons. An intense, waveform-controlled, few cycle laser pulse obtains ‘tomographic images’ of the time-momentum distribution of the ejected electrons. Tomographic images of primary (photo)electrons yield accurate information of the duration and frequency sweep of the excitation pulse, whereas the same measurements on secondary (Auger) electrons will provide insight into the relaxation dynamics of the electronic shell following excitation. With the current ∼750-nm laser probe and ∼100-eV excitation, our transient recorder is capable of resolving atomic electron dynamics within the Bohr orbit time.

Q-switching of a fiber laser with a single crystal photo-elastic modulator

A study of using a single crystal photo-elastic modulator for active Q-switching of a fiber laser is presented. The modulator, which oscillates in a longitudinal eigenmode, was realized with LiTaO(3). This induces due to the photo-elastic effect a modulated artificial birefringence which modulates the polarization of passing light. When used together with a polarizer inside a laser cavity the laser photon life time is strongly modulated and the laser may start to emit laser pulses. We realized this with a fiber laser based on a 5m long double clad Nd-doped fiber. The pulse repetition frequency was 400 kHz and the pulse duration 300ns.

Attosecond streaking measurements

A detailed analysis of the attosecond streaking method is performed. For a class of measurements a consistent quantum theory of streaking is put forward, which allows a close analogy with the intuitive classical picture. In particular, an ‘electron release distribution’ in time and momentum can be defined. The mathematical and practical limitations of recovery of the release distribution from a limited set of measurements are discussed. Recovery procedures for monotonic and oscillatory streak fields are described. A simple formula for time-resolution is derived and confirmed by numerical experiments.

SCPEM-Q-switching of a fiber-rod-laser

We demonstrate high-frequency Q-switching of a fiber rod laser with a Single-Crystal Photo-Elastic Modulator (SCPEM) made of a LiTaO₃₋ crystal. This type of photo-elastic modulator can be driven simultaneously with two different eigenmodes to achieve a shorter rise time, which is essential for high-power operation. When operated in the laser cavity, a pulse repetition frequency of 183.6 kHz with an average power of 47 W, a pulse duration of 26 ns, and a peak power of 10.5 kW was achieved.

Fast ellipsometric measurements based on a single crystal photo-elastic modulator.

For quality control in high volume manufacturing of thin layers and for tracking of physical and chemical processes, ellipsometry is a common measurement technology. For such kinds of applications we present a novel approach of fast ellipsometric measurements. Instead of a conventional setup that uses a standard photo-elastic modulator, we use a 92 kHz Single Crystal Photo-Elastic Modulator (SCPEM), which is a LiTaO3 crystal with a size of 28 × 9 × 4 mm. This small, simple, and cost-effective solution also offers the advantage of direct control of the retardation via the current amplitude, which is important for repeatability of the measurements. Instead of a Lock-In Amplifier, an automated digital processing based on a fast analog to digital converter controlled by a highly flexible Field Programmable Gate Array is used. This and the extremely compact and efficient polarization modulation allow fast ellipsometric testing where the upper limit of measurement rates is mainly limited by the desired accuracy and repeatability of the measurements. The standard deviation that is related to the repeatability +/-0.002° for dielectric layers can be easily reached.

Dual-mode single-crystal photoelastic modulator and possible applications

A new type of acousto-optic device based on a LiTaO(3) crystal is presented. A harmonic voltage with a proper frequency applied to the piezoelectric LiTaO(3) crystal generates mechanical oscillations in the material. Due to photoelasticity, an artificial modulated birefringence is induced by this oscillation. By using a properly adjusted polarizer and analyzer, the transmission of trough-going polarized light can be modulated. By simultaneous excitation of two modes, an advanced optical response can be achieved. For the applications presented here, the first shear eigenmode must have exactly three times the frequency of the first longitudinal eigenmode.

Time multiplexing of high power laser diodes with single crystal photo-elastic modulators

Time-multiplexing is a method to increase the brilliance of diode lasers, i.e. a sequence of laser pulses emitted from different laser diodes at different times is guided onto a common optical path via a cascade of polarizing cube beam splitters and polarization switches. The latter are made of piezo-electric crystals oscillating in resonance and making use of the photo-elastic effect to obtain the desired modulation of polarization. We realized a demonstrator for time multiplexing of four laser diodes with such self-excited photo-elastic modulators. The latter is a new alternative to conventional photo-elastic modulators used in ellipsometers.

A single crystal photo-elastic modulator

We present theoretical and experimental data and possible applications of a photo-elastic-modulator (PEM) made of LiTaO3. The device with dimensions 13.2x7.1x5.5 mm in x-, y- and z-direction and electrodes on the zx-surfaces offers basic modulation frequencies at 199, 348 and 377 kHz corresponding to the longitudinal oscillations in x- and y-direction and to a yz-shear oscillation mode. The light travels along the optical axis. At the main resonance at 199 kHz the voltage amplitude to achieve a quarter wave retardation amplitude is only ~2.5 V, a very low value due to the strong piezo-electric response and the low loss of LiTaO3. Hence when compared to a conventional photo-elastic modulator, which is made out of at least two components, the device is extremely compact, cheap and easy to operate, especially when placed in a feedback loop of an amplifier such that it operates on one fixed frequency.

Power scaling of AOM-switched lasers with SCPEM-based time-multiplexing

Power Scaling of a Q-switched laser designed for internal frequency conversion is demonstrated by combining two Nd:YVO4-gain-channels with a time-multiplexing scheme based on a single crystal photo elastic modulator (SCPEM). Both channels are coupled with a polarizer and share an output-coupler and acousto-optic modulator (AOM). In order to combine two channels by time multiplexing, the single crystal photo elastic modulator is used which switches between two channels, while the acousto-optic modulator conducts the Q-switching. This allows almost to double the average output power and repetition rate within a given laser resonator design.

A Diode-Laser-System for Laser-Assisted Bending of Brittle Materials

We developed a small and compact system of diode lasers, which can be inserted into the lower tools of a bending press. The parts of the system allow easy plug and play operation and can be installed for any bending length. The diode laser, which is based on 200W laser bars on microchannel cooler, allows the heating of sheet metals in the forming zone shortly before and during the bending process. There is no unnecessary heating of other parts of the bending equipment, no wear of the tool, and, if properly done, no damage of the surface of the metal. The power per bending length is 16kW/m.