F. Bruyère

Preoperative hair removal and surgical site infections: network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Preoperative hair removal has been used to prevent surgical site infections (SSIs) or to prevent hair from interfering with the incision site. We aimed to update the meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials about hair removal for the prevention of SSIs, and conduct network meta-analyses to combine direct and indirect evidence and to compare chemical depilation with clipping. The PubMed, ScienceDirect and Cochrane databases were searched for randomized controlled trials analysing different hair removal techniques and no hair removal in similar groups. Paired and network meta-analyses were conducted. Two readers independently assessed the study limitations for each selected article according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) method. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. No study compared clipping with chemical depilation. Network meta-analyses with shaving as the reference showed significantly fewer SSIs with clipping, chemical depilation, or no depilation [relative risk 0.55, 95% confidence interval 0.38-0.79; 0.60, 0.36-0.97; and 0.56, 0.34-0.96, respectively]. No significant difference was observed between the absence of depilation and chemical depilation or clipping (1.05, 0.55-2.00; 0.97, 0.51-1.82, respectively] or between chemical depilation and clipping (1.09, 0.59-2.01). This meta-analysis of 19 randomized controlled trials confirmed the absence of any benefit of depilation to prevent surgical site infection, and the higher risk of surgical site infection when shaving is used for depilation. Chemical depilation and clipping were compared for the first time. The risk of SSI seems to be similar with both methods.

Robot-assisted laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery for tumors over 4 cm: Operative results and preliminary oncologic outcomes from a multicentre French study

OBJECTIVE To assess operative and pathological results obtained after robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) in renal masses over 4 cm. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 2007 and 2011, 220 robotic nephron-sparing surgeries (NSS) were performed at six French urology departments. Data were prospectively collected: age, BMI, pre and post-operative eGFR (MDRD), operative time (OT), warm ischemia time (WIT), estimated blood loss (EBL), length of hospital stay (LOS), Clavien complications, pathological results and oncologic outcome. Tumor complexity was assessed according to the RENAL nephrometry score. RESULTS Overall, 54 tumors were included. Median follow up was 26 months. Median age at surgery was 62 years. Median RENAL nephrometry score was 7 (4-10). Median WIT was 23 min (10-59). Median OT and EBL were 180 min (110-425) and 100 cc (0-2500). Blood transfusion occurred in 7 cases (13%). Median tumor size was 45 mm (40-70). Three patients had positive surgical margins. Median LOS was 5 days (2-28). Nine patients presented post-operative complications of which 1/3 were considered as major (Clavien IIIb). Median pre-operative and post-operative eGFR was 88 (36-136) and 75 ml/min (33-122) (p = 0.01), respectively. Two patients developed subsequent metastasis. The 2-year progression free survival (PFS) rate was 90.5%. CONCLUSION Our results confirm that RAPN is a useful and acceptable approach for renal masses greater than 4 cm in size. When technically possible, NSS provides promising short-term cancer-specific survival rates with acceptable morbidity. Tumor size is not sufficiently discriminant enough and RENAL nephrometry score should increasingly used to describe tumor complexity.

Traitement de l’hyperplasie bénigne de prostate par photovaporisation au laser Greenlight® : analyse de la littérature

INTRODUCTION Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is the most common surgical procedure in urology and remains the gold standard treatment of complicated benign prostatic hyperplasia or refractory to medical treatment. Routinely used since the 2000s, prostate photoselective vaporization (PVP) with Greenlight(®) laser has been developed to improve the safety of hemostasis in elderly patients and/or with high surgical risk. The purpose of this study was to review the results of PVP from the international literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS [corrected] A systematic review of the literature on the research base Pubmed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) was performed using the keywords benign prostatic hyperplasia; greenlight; photovaporisation; Laser; IPSS score; endoscopicsurgery; morbidity; complication. Prospective and retrospective studies in English and French were selected from its first use in 1998. Finally, we looked for studies that reported at least one of the following items: surgical technique; operative data; complications; anatomical and functional results and/or direct comparison between PVP and TURP. RESULTS Regardless the PVP technique used to treat adenoma and identify the limits of the prostatic capsule, some parameters are well defined (sweepspeed, angle and distance of the fiber with the tissue) but others are still debated (number of joules per volume, when do we have to stop the PVP) and are reported in a heterogeneous manner due to the different generators. Versus TURP, PVP would offer the same functional results in the medium term but with a lower risk of per- and postoperative bleeding. The study of the risk of erectile dysfunction (ED) after PVP is made difficult due to the heterogeneity of DE assessment and study populations. However, PVP does not seem associated with an increased risk of ED versus TURP. The lack of histological material should lead to preoperative individual screening of prostate. The economy generated by PVP regarding the decrease in average length of stay has been clearly identified in Australia, Canada, Switzerland and USA. Studies will be published soon on French economic model. CONCLUSION PVP with Greenlight(®) laser appears to be a safe and effective technique. With the new generator XPS, the PVP technique reaches maturity. Its development will certainly lead to a long-term evaluation with high levels of evidence based.

Sténoses urétérales après transplantation rénale : facteurs de risque et impact sur la survie ☆

OBJECTIVES To identify the risk factors for ureteral stenosis after renal transplantation and to evaluate their impact on both graft and patient survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective study included 789 kidney transplants among 782 patients performed at our institution between 1995 and 2007. The parameters studied included the characteristics of the donor, recipient and transplant, the surgical variables, the elements of the monitoring process and a graft and patient survival. RESULTS The ureteral stenosis rate after renal transplantation was found to be 6.5%, and the ureterovesical junction was the most common location (68%). A univariate analysis showed that this complication was significantly associated with a higher donor age (P=0.01), abnormal graft revascularisation (P=0.032) and DGF (Delay Graft Function) (P=0.05). In multivariate analysis, only donor age (P=0.001) and abnormal graft revascularisation (P=0.035) were independent risk factors for ureteral stenosis after renal transplantation. When ureteral stenosis was treated, an analysis of the survival curves according to the Kaplan-Meier method did not reveal significant differences either in graft survival (P=0.518) or overall survival of the patients (P=0.614) as compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, donor age and abnormal graft revascularisation were independent risk factors for ureteral stenosis after renal transplantation. This result is a strong argument for an ischemic component in the genesis of ureteral stenosis after renal transplantation, which should help to identify patients at risk.

Analyse comparative coût–efficacité de la photovaporisation prostatique par laser Greenlight et de l’adénomectomie pour hypertrophie de la prostate de gros volume

PURPOSE Comparative medical economic study between total prostatectomy and laser in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in patients whose prostate is more than 80g. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study compared data registered retrospectively for the group AVH and prospective data for PVP patients. The patients whose prostate weighed more than 80g by echography were selected. The adopted point of view was the one of the hospital and the temporal horizon was of one year after the surgical operation. Direct costs per- and post-surgery were taken into account including specific surgical care and secondary surgical revision. The medical data per- and postoperative were also compared. Primary outcome measure was incremental cost per procedure. RESULTS Forty-one patients in the AVH group and 53 in the PVP group. The mean length of stay (LOS) is significantly shorter in the PVP group (3.0±1.0 days vs 10.4±4.0; P<0.001). Re-operation rate was significantly lower in the PVP group (1.9% vs 19.5% P<0.001). The cost analysis shows a mean additional cost of 1450 euros for the AVH group. CONCLUSION PVP was cost-effective because it was more economic and it lead to lower re-operation rate until one year of follow-up than in the AVH group. Nevertheless, these data deserve to be nuanced by unfavorable results of the AVH in comparison with those of the literature.

Recommandations du comité d’infectiologie de l’AFU. Diagnostic, traitement et suivi des candiduries

The candiduria are frequently encountered in urology. We present the recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Committee of the French Association of Urology for diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of urinary tract infections. C. albicans is the most frequently isolated species, representing 60% of the isolates. Immunosuppression, diabetes mellitus, age extremes of life, the presence of catheters or procedures on the urinary tract are risk factors for Candida urinary tract infection. The candiduria is usually asymptomatic and does not need treatment. Only 4-14% of patients with candiduria have symptoms of urinary infection. It is necessary before choosing candiduria isolated on a first urinalysis to eliminate contamination by conducting a second harvest. In patients surveyed, the removal of the material allows the resolution of the candiduria nearly half the time and represents the first step of management. Oral fluconazole is the recommended treatment for cystitis (400 mg on day 1 and 200 mg daily for 7 to 14 days). In cases of pyelonephritis without associated candidemia, the first-line therapy is fluconazole (3-6 mg/kg/day) for 14 days or amphotericin B at a dose of 0.5 to 0.7 mg/kg/day with or not associated to flucytosine when potentially resistant strain (C. glabrata).

Prise en charge de la nycturie : une entité nosologique au sein des troubles mictionnels de l’homme

AIM To review the definition, pathophysiology, impact and management of nocturia in men METHODS We conducted a literature review using Medline and Embase with the following keywords: nocturia or nocturnal polyuria. RESULTS Nocturia in men is a multifactorial condition that may results from prostate but also kidney, bladder, heart, or lung diseases. It affects up to 60 % of men over 70 years and is responsible for major morbidity (sleep disorders, depression, falls, fractures), especially in the elderly. Pathophysiologically, we distinguish nocturia related to excessive urine production from those resulting from a reduction in the maximum voided volume. Thus, the first and most important workup is a frequency-volume chart conducted on a 72-hour-period. The initial assessment should then be continued to clearly identify the factors contributing to polyuria (disturbance of the pattern of endogenous production of arginine vasopressin, obstructive sleep apnea...) or to a reduction in the maximum voided volume (benign prostatic hyperplasia, overactive bladder). Treatment is then targeted: treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, antimuscarinic in case of overactive bladder, analogue of arginin vasopressin (demopressine) if nocturnal polyuria is involved, or continuous positive airway pressure in case of a sleep apnea syndrome. CONCLUSION Nocturia is a common and serious condition due to its morbidity. Its understanding and management have evolved significantly in recent years and are now based on a multimodal approach.

Effect of Patient Position on Pain Experienced during Prostate Biopsy

Objectives: To compare pain during prostate biopsy performed in two different positions. Methods: We carried out a prospective, randomized study to compare the pain experienced during biopsy in two different positions: lithotomy (group 1) and lateral (group 2). Pain was evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS). Results: 70 patients were randomized to the two positions for biopsy. The median number of samples taken was the same for both groups (n = 10). The median VAS rating after biopsy was 30 in group 1 and 45 in group 2. 96.6% of the men in group 1 were prepared to undergo a repeat examination according to the same modalities, against only 86.7% in group 2. Only 14.3% of the men in group 1 would have preferred more analgesic against 37.1% in group 2. Pain after biopsy was less in group 1. The men with prostate adenocarcinoma tolerated biopsies better than the others. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the lithotomy position induced less pain and less post-biopsy hematuria than did the lateral position during prostate biopsy. Men with prostate adenocarcinoma tolerated the procedures better.

Blood Loss During Transurethral Resection of the Prostate as Measured by the Chromium-51 Method

PURPOSE To evaluate blood loss during transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), and its predictive factors, using the chromium 51 (51Cr) labeling method. PATIENTS AND METHODS From January to June 2008, 41 patients who underwent TURP for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) at four French urology centers were included in the analysis. Red cells volume was measured by the 51Cr method 1 day before TURP, and on postoperative day 3. Overall blood loss was estimated by multiplication of red cells volume loss and preoperative venous hematocrit value. RESULTS Mean preoperative red cells volume was 1997 mL. Mean loss of red cells volume was 209 ml, which corresponds to an estimated blood loss of 507 mL. Mean delta of hematocrit and hemoglobin were 1.4% and 0.71 g/dL, respectively. In univariate analysis, prostate volume, weight of resected tissue, preoperative red cells volume, and resection time were significantly and directly associated with loss of red cells volume (P = 0.038, P = 0.004, P = 0.002, and P = 0.039, respectively). Bipolar and monopolar TURP did not lead to significant difference of red cells loss. In multivariate analysis, both preoperative red cells volume and weight of resected tissue were independent predictors of red cells loss (P = 0.017 and P = 0.048 respectively). CONCLUSION We present the first study to measure blood loss secondary to TURP using the 51Cr method. This technique allowed evaluating blood loss not only during the surgical procedure but also during the postoperative period. We learned from this study that, on average, blood loss from the procedure until postoperative day 3 was more than 500 mL, which is larger than previously reported amounts as measured by other methods. Because significant blood loss might occur during the postoperative period, the 51Cr method should be used to measure blood loss when evaluating new emerging techniques to manage BPH.

Is surgical site scrubbing before painting of value? Review and meta-analysis of clinical studies

BACKGROUND Surgical site infections are major surgical complications. Surgical site scrubbing before painting is controversial. AIM To conduct a meta-analysis of clinical trials that compared pre-operative scrubbing before painting with painting alone for the prevention of surgical site infections. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials in Pubmed, ScienceDirect and Cochrane databases that compared pre-operative scrubbing before painting with painting alone, and reported surgical site infections, skin colonization or adverse effects as an outcome, was undertaken. A fixed-effect model and a random-effect model were tested. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by removing non-randomized controlled trials. FINDINGS The systematic review identified three studies, involving 570 patients, for surgical site infection outcomes, and four other studies, involving 1082 patients, for positive skin culture outcomes. No significant differences were observed between scrubbing before painting vs painting alone in terms of surgical site infection or positive skin culture. CONCLUSION Further research is needed to draw conclusions. Only one study in this meta-analysis identified adverse effects, but there were too few events to compare the various methods. It is believed that there is no need to scrub the surgical site if the skin is visibly clean and/or if the patient has had a pre-operative shower.